2025 Philippine Senate election explained

Election Name:2025 Philippine Senate election
Type:legislative
Ongoing:yes
Seats For Election:12 (of the 24) seats to the Senate of the Philippines
Majority Seats:13
Country:Philippines
Outgoing Members:Outgoing senators (elected 2019)
Previous Year:2022
Previous Election:2022 Philippine Senate election
Next Year:2028
Senate President
Before Election:Francis Escudero
Before Party:NPC
Alliance1:Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas
Alliance2:Liberal Party (Philippines)
Alliance4:Makabayan
Alliance5:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino
Party Colour:yes

The 2025 Philippine Senate election will be the 35th election of members to the Senate of the Philippines. It will be held on May 12, 2025, within the 2025 Philippine general election. The seats of the 12 senators elected in 2019 will be contested in this election. The senators that will be elected in this election will serve until 2031, joining the winners of the 2022 election to form the Senate's delegation to the 20th Congress of the Philippines, with the senators elected in 2022 serving until 2028.

The ruling administration of President Bongbong Marcos formed the Alyansa Para sa Bagong Pilipinas, comprising the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP), Lakas–CMD, Nacionalista Party, National Unity Party (NUP), and the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), to contest the election. In the opposition, the Liberal Party plans to field candidates with the Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KANP), while the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP) will run candidates with Hugpong ng Pagbabago (HNP). The Makabayan bloc also plans to field a full slate of candidates for the election as the Oposisyon ng Bayan.

Background

See also: 2022 Philippine Senate election and 19th Congress of the Philippines. In the 2022 election, the UniTeam Alliance backing the candidacies of eventual president Bongbong Marcos and vice president Sara Duterte won a plurality of seats in the Senate of the Philippines.[1] [2] Leading up to the convention of the 19th Congress, Senators Cynthia Villar and Migz Zubiri, both having run under UniTeam, were viewed as the frontrunners to succeed Senate President Tito Sotto, who left the Senate after being term-limited.[3] [4] [5] After Zubiri presumptively earned enough votes to be elected Senate president and negotiations for a term-sharing agreement failed, Villar withdrew from the contest, leaving Zubiri unopposed for the Senate presidency.[6] [7]

Zubiri's term as Senate president was marked by speculation of efforts to unseat him. Such speculation was confirmed by Senator Imee Marcos, who stated that there were plans to oust Zubiri from the Senate presidency, attributing such efforts to pressure that "came from outside the Senate".[8] On May 20, 2024, Zubiri resigned the Senate presidency after 15 senators expressed their support to oust him from the post.[9] [10] [11] Senator Francis Escudero was nominated as his successor and was elected without objection.[12] [13]

While in government after the alliance's large victories in the election,[14] Duterte remarked that the UniTeam Alliance had already "served its purpose" but claimed that the alliance was still "intact".[15] Following mounting tensions between the Marcos and Duterte political clans, Duterte resigned from her roles as secretary of education and co-vice chairperson of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC).[16] [17] Political observers saw Duterte's resignation from her positions in the Marcos administration as a confirmation of the collapse of the UniTeam Alliance. Some labeled Duterte as a potential "leader of the opposition", a label that she would reject, claiming that she was "still friends" with Marcos.[18] [19]

Political scientist Julio C. Teehankee observed that a broad united coalition is unlikely to form in 2025 given that the Liberal Party, the traditional political opposition since 2016, has more in common with the ruling Marcos administration and noted that "there is little value in debating" which political faction is the true opposition, noting the varied motivations for opposing an incumbent government.[20]

Electoral system

See main article: Philippine Senate elections.

The Philippines has a 24-member Senate elected at-large. Every three years since 1995, 12 seats are disputed. For 2025, the seats disputed in 2019 will be contested. Each voter has 12 votes, of which one can vote for one to twelve candidates, or a multiple non-transferable vote; the twelve candidates with the most votes are elected.

Senators are limited to serving two consecutive terms, although they are eligible for a third (and succeeding) non-consecutive term.[21] Only half of the seats are up in every senatorial election.[22] The winning senators will succeed those elected in 2019, and will join those elected in 2022 to form the 20th Congress.

Each party or coalition endorses a slate of candidates, typically not exceeding a 12-person ticket.[23] A party may also choose to invite "guest candidates" to complete its slate.[24] The party may even include, with the candidates' consent, independent candidates and candidates from other parties as the party's guest candidates. Parties also may form coalitions to endorse a multi-party slate of candidates.

Winning candidates are proclaimed by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), sitting as the National Board of Canvassers (NBOC). The NBOC usually proclaims senators-elect by batches, if that candidate can no longer fall to worse than twelfth place in the tally. Post-proclamation disputes are handled by the Senate Electoral Tribunal, a body composed of six senators and three justices from the Supreme Court.

Term-limited incumbents

The following are serving a successive six-year term and are barred from seeking reelection.[25]

On January 20, 2024, Binay stated in an interview on DWIZ-AM that she was "50 percent sure" that she would run for mayor of Makati upon the end of her term as senator.[26] She confirmed her bid for the mayoralty on September 9.[27] The incumbent mayor and Binay's sister Abigail is running for senator under the Nationalist People's Coalition.[28]

  1. Koko Pimentel (Nacionalista), running for representative in Marikina's 1st district

On October 6, 2024, Pimentel filed to run for representative in Marikina's 1st district, facing off against incumbent mayor Marcelino Teodoro, husband of the incumbent representative Marjorie Ann, after a failed attempt to form an alliance with the local administration.[29] [30]

  1. Grace Poe (Independent), did not pursue any political office
  2. Cynthia Villar (Nacionalista), running for representative in Las Piñas's at-large district

On July 31, 2024, Villar expressed her interest in running for public office in Las Piñas, either as mayor or representative for the city's at-large district.[31] [32] Villar was then later seen as running for Congress.[33] Villar then filed to run as representative,[34] while her daughter Camille, the incumbent House representative, is running for senator.[35]

Mid-term vacancies

  1. Sonny Angara (LDP)

On July 2, 2024, President Bongbong Marcos appointed Angara, a term-limited senator, as secretary of education.[36] [37] On July 18, Angara resigned from the Senate a day before assuming office, leaving his seat vacant until his successor is elected in the regular election.[38] [39]

Parties in the outgoing Senate

See also: List of political parties in the Philippines. In both chambers of Congress, members are organized into "blocs", akin to parliamentary groups elsewhere. In keeping with the traditions of the Third Philippine Republic which was under a two-party system, there are two main blocs, the majority and minority blocs; this is although the country is now in a multi-party system. Those who voted for the Senate president are from the majority bloc, while those who did not (if there are more than two candidates for the Senate presidency) will vote amongst themselves on who will be the minority bloc. Those who belong to neither bloc shall be the independent minority bloc. Members can also be from the independent bloc. Each bloc can have members from multiple parties. Only the majority and minority blocs have voting privileges in committees.

At the end of the 19th Congress, the majority bloc is composed of members who voted for Escudero for Senate president.[40] [41]

Party! colspan="3" width="30px"
Current seatsBloc membershipPolitical affiliation
TotalUpNot UpMajorityMinorityOther20222025
14
41
21colspan="2"
01colspan="2"
10
10
01colspan="2"
10colspan="2"
14colspan="4"
Vacant10colspan="7"
Total24 / 241212

Coalitions

Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas

See main article: Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas. On May 8, 2024, the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP) and Lakas–CMD signed an alliance agreement at the Manila Polo Club in Makati to form the Alyansa Para sa Bagong Pilipinas (Alliance for the New Philippines) for the 2025 general elections.[42] House Speaker Martin Romualdez remarked that the formation of the alliance created the "most powerful political force in our country today", noting the positioning of the PFP as the de facto ruling party in the country and Lakas' status as the largest political party in the House of Representatives.[43]

Romualdez also implied that the coalition plans to include "all major parties",[44] including the Nacionalista Party, which began negotiations with the alliance on July 2.[45] [46] President Marcos remarked that the alliance aims to be based "not on political expediency but on ideology" that focuses on unity and a new Philippines.[47] Two parties would sign alliance agreements with the coalition: the Nationalist People's Coalition on May 19,[48] and the National Unity Party on June 29.[49] The Nacionalista Party formally entered the coalition on August 8.[50]

On May 10, former Senator Manny Pacquiao announced his senatorial candidacy as a member of the alliance while remaining a member of PROMDI.[51] [52] Reelectionist Senator Imee Marcos, the sister of the president and PFP chairman, noted that she was unsure of her inclusion in the coalition, though the entry of the Nacionalista Party in the alliance ensured her inclusion in its ticket.[53] Party leaders under the alliance met on August 19; on the same day, Erwin Tulfo noted that the administration "still has no final senatorial lineup".[54]

On September 26, President Marcos announced the administration's twelve senatorial bets during an event at the Philippine International Convention Center in Pasay.[55] Imee Marcos, the president's sister, opted out of her inclusion in the slate, saying " I chose to stand alone so that my 'adding' (sibling) would no longer be put in a difficult position, and my true friends won't hesitate."[56] On her sister's decision, president Marcos said "that is her choice."[57]

Liberal Party

At a forum of the Foreign Correspondents Association of the Philippines (FOCAP) on February 22, 2024, Liberal Party spokesperson and former Senator Leila de Lima announced that the party plans to field former senators Bam Aquino and Francis Pangilinan, as well as human rights lawyer Chel Diokno of the Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KANP), as its senatorial candidates in the upcoming election.[58] [59] Aquino confirmed his bid for the Senate on May 14 after being appointed as the chairman of KANP.[60] While former vice president and 2022 presidential candidate Leni Robredo was floated as a possible candidate, Robredo ruled out a bid for the Senate and instead announced a run for the mayoralty of Naga, Camarines Sur,[61] [62] though the party remained keen in drafting Robredo for its Senate ticket.[63]

Former Senator Antonio Trillanes, who ran under TRoPa in the 2022 Senate election, proposed that the Liberal Party and its allies "set aside sensitivities for a larger cause" and align with the Marcos administration in the Senate race to ensure "obliteration of the Duterte forces".[64] Party President Edcel Lagman was also open to such arrangement.[65] Political pundits suggest that such a coalition would provide the opposition with more resources during the campaign but may alienate "many groups in the opposition camp who are ideologically opposed to any alliance with other political groups".[66] De Lima disapproved of Trillanes' proposal, emphasizing the need to adhere to the party's principles as a political opposition and identity as "the alternative to the Marcos bloc and the Duterte bloc".[67] Senator Risa Hontiveros concurred with de Lima, stating that while she respects Trillanes's proposition, such an alliance would not form a "genuine opposition".[68]

Makabayan

See main article: article and Makabayan. In an interview during commemorations for the 42nd anniversary of the Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT) on June 26, 2024, term-limited Representative France Castro announced her bid for the Senate in response to open letters from teachers encouraging her to seek a seat in the chamber in 2025.[69] [70] Castro added that the Makabayan coalition plans to form a 12-member senate slate for the 2025 elections branded as the "Oposisyon ng Bayan" (Opposition of the Nation) with the aim to form an "alternative slate" to the ruling government.[71] [72] The coalition aims to field candidates from marginalized sectors and vowed not to field candidates from political dynasties or influential families.[73] Castro and Representative Arlene Brosas also stated that they were open to form alliances with "true opposition" groups and have entered negotiations with other opposition groups such as the Liberal Party.[74] Brosas later announced her senate bid on July 16.[75] [76] Makabayan formally announced its ten-member senatorial slate on August 26, during its National Heroes Day event at the Liwasang Bonifacio in Manila.[77] On September 24, Moro activist Amirah Lidasan announced her run as the 11th Makabayan senatorial candidate.[78]

Partido Demokratiko Pilipino

At the party's national council held on April 19, 2024, at the Nustar Resort and Casino in Cebu City, former President Rodrigo Duterte endorsed the reelection bids of incumbent Senators Ronald dela Rosa, Bong Go, and Francis Tolentino as well as the bid of actor Phillip Salvador as part of the party's slate for the election.[79] [80] On June 26, Vice President Sara Duterte confirmed the elder Duterte's bid for the Senate, along with that of her brothers Paolo Duterte, the incumbent representative for Davao City's 1st district, and Sebastian Duterte, the incumbent mayor of Davao City.[81] [82]

In response to the possibility of an alliance between the ruling Marcos administration and the Liberal Party, dela Rosa affirmed that the Dutertes would lead the opposition in such case.[83]

Candidates

The filing of candidacies was from October 1 to 8, 2024, at the Manila Hotel.[84] A total of 184 people registered to run for senator.[85] One withdrew his candidacy.[86] More than a week later, the commission released an initial list of 66 approved candidates.[87] In November, the COMELEC declared 117 nuisance candidates, 14 of which filed motion for reconsideration.[88] [89] This include 2022 election candidate and social media personality Francis Leo Marcos.[90]

Filed certificates of candidacy

The following have filed certificates of candidacy before the COMELEC, and were included in the initial list of candidates.[91]

Withdrew

Declined

Opinion polling

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2025 Philippine Senate election. Opinion polling in the Philippines is conducted by Social Weather Stations (SWS), Pulse Asia, OCTA Research, and other pollsters.

Per candidate

This list includes all individuals named by at least 10% of respondents in any of the surveys conducted after the campaign officially began. The top 16 candidates with the highest favorability in each poll are listed below, where the top 12 are marked with a "black line". For a comprehensive list of all individuals included in the surveys, see the main article.

After COC filing

Oct 16–17, 2024Oct 29–31, 2024
Publicus Asia[144] PEERS Agency[145]
1Ong 41E. Tulfo55.7
2E. Tulfo40Lacson47.6
3T. Sotto38T. Sotto46.0
4LacsonCayetano 45.4
5Go35B. Tulfo39.6
6B. Tulfo33Ong39.0
7CayetanoPacquiao 33.6
8Pacquiao32C. Villar31.9
9Pangilinan30Revilla31.6
10Marcosdela Rosa31.2
11Aquino27Abalos 30.9
12dela Rosa26Honasan30.4
13Tolentino23Lapid 28.9
14Revillame21Pangilinan 28.6
15Honasan20Marcos28.1
16Binay19Aquino27.6
17Lapid18Binay
18C. Villar17Go26.9

Before COC filing

Feb 21–29, 2024Mar 6–10, 2024Mar 11–14, 2024Mar 14–19, 2024June 15–19, 2024June 17–24, 2024July 17–31, 2024Aug 28–Sep 2, 2024Sep 6–13, 2024Sep 14–23, 2024
Oculum[146] Pulse Asia[147] OCTA[148] Publicus Asia[149] Publicus Asia[150] Pulse Asia[151] Oculum[152] OCTA[153] Pulse Asia[154] SWS[155]
1R. Duterte53E. Tulfo57.1E. Tulfo58Ong 41Ong39E.Tulfo58.0E.Tulfo50E. Tulfo60E. Tulfo60.8E. Tulfo54
2T. SottoT. Sotto51.8T. Sotto52R. Duterte38E. Tulfo33T. Sotto50.4T. Sotto48B. Tulfo57B. Tulfo49.6T. Sotto34
3E. Tulfo52R. Duterte47.7Go50E. Tulfo37R. Duterte32Cayetano42.7R. Duterte39T. Sotto50T. Sotto48.0Cayetano31
4Moreno45Go44.2B. Tulfo43Go32LacsonB. Tulfo40.9Cayetano38Go49Cayetano41.3R. Duterte25
5Pacquiao43Cayetano37.7R. Duterte38T. SottoT. Sotto29R. Duterte38.7dela Rosa32Lacson44Go40.3Marcos
6dela Rosa41Pacquiao Lacson34LacsonGoGo36.6Lacson31RevillaR. Duterte38.0Lacson24
7Go40dela Rosa33.2dela Rosa33dela Rosa28MorenoMarcos33.8V. Sotto28Cayetano35Binay37.5Revilla
8Ong35Marcos32.1Pacquiao32Marcos27Robredo28Pacquiao33.5Revillame27Tolentino34Revilla35.9C. Villar21
9MarcosMoreno31.5Revilla30MorenoMarcosLacson32.2Ong26PacquiaoLacson35.5Binay20
10V. SottoB. Tulfo30.5Marcos29RobredoPangilinan25Moreno31.7LapidMarcos33Pacquiao31.9Lapid
11CayetanoCayetanoRevilla29.6Moreno27Teodoro26Teodoro23dela Rosa31.3Mn. VillarLapidMarcos29.8Pacquiao18
12Revilla32Binay29.1Cayetano26Cayetano23CayetanoRevilla29.9Pacquiao24R. Dutertedela Rosa26.2dela Rosa
13Lacson 32Lacson28.6Lapid22Pangilinan22dela Rosa22Santos-Recto23.6Revilla22dela Rosa29Lapid24.7Go
14Lapid30Revillame25.9TolentinoDiokno21Diokno21Lapid21.4Moreno20Abalos28Honasan21.5Tolentino17
15Robredo23Lapid25.4Ong21PacquiaoPangilinan19.2MarcosOngC. Villar21.2Pangilinan15
16HonasanOng24.6AbalosB. TulfoBinay18.9GoHonasan23Pangilinan20.5Abalos14
17RoxasPangilinan22.2Tolentino20Failon18.8Honasan19S. Duterte22Ong19.8Aquino
18PangilinanRecto18.8Gordon18Honasan18.6RoxasBinayS. Duterte19.1Honasan13

Per party

Seats won

Date Pollster
Aug 28–Sep 2OCTA1101022310103
Jun 17–24Pulse Asia1201133300102
Jun 15–19Publicus Asia1210221301001
Mar 14–19Publicus Asia1200121301001
Mar 11–14 OCTA1201022410102
Mar 6–10 Pulse Asia1201023300103
Feb 21–29Oculum1201122300103

Seats after the election

Date Pollster
Mar 14–19Publicus Asia112001354010105
Mar 11–14 OCTA112010365101106
Mar 6–10 Pulse Asia112010374001107
Feb 21–29Oculum112011364001107

Results

The Commission on Elections, sitting as the National Board of Canvassers, is expected to proclaim the winners at least a week after election.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 16 18 19 20 21 22 2324
Before
election		Senate bloccolspan="15"
Party‡^‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡
Election resultsNot upUp for electionNot up
After
election		Party
Senate bloc
Key:
‡Seats up
Gained by a party from another party
√Held by the incumbent
+Held by the same party with a new senator
Vacancy

Per party

Aside from these parties, the following parties not in the Senate also put up candidates for the election. This is pending COMELEC approval:

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Gomez . Jim . 2022-05-13 . Allies of Marcos Jr. set to dominate Philippine Congress . 2024-06-29 . AP News . en . 2023-11-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231124105837/https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-asia-southeast-franco-274f02b1fd6fb7dddfa2e2836f797841 . live .
  2. Web site: Palatino . Mong . 2022-05-23 . Political Dynasties Dominate Philippines Election — Again . 2024-06-29 . The Diplomat . en-US . 2024-04-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240424012109/https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/political-dynasties-dominate-philippines-election-again/ . live .
  3. News: Morales . Neil Jerome . 2022-05-18 . Philippines' Marcos set for supermajority as 'Uniteam' dominates Congress . 2024-06-30 . Reuters . en . 2022-08-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220811180924/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-marcos-set-supermajority-uniteam-dominates-congress-2022-05-18/ . live .
  4. Web site: Sotto says retirement 'first option' in 2022 . July 28, 2020 . ABS-CBN News . en . July 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728063934/https://news.abs-cbn.com/video/news/07/28/20/sotto-says-retirement-first-option-in-2022 . live .
  5. Web site: Cepeda . Mara . 2022-05-19 . Villar vs Zubiri? Fight for the Senate presidency heats up . 2024-06-30 . RAPPLER . en-US . 2024-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240704024018/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/fight-senate-presidency-heats-up-2022/ . live .
  6. Web site: Cepeda . Mara . 2022-06-01 . Cynthia Villar gives up on Senate presidency, backs Zubiri instead . 2024-06-30 . RAPPLER . en-US . 2024-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240704023937/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cynthia-villar-gives-up-bid-senate-president-backs-zubiri-instead/ . live .
  7. Web site: Africa . Raymond . 2022-06-01 . Migz Zubiri is next Senate president . 2024-06-30 . malaya.com.ph . en-US . 2024-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240704023948/https://malaya.com.ph/news_news/migz-zubiri-is-next-senate-president/ . live .
  8. Web site: Zubiri steps down as Senate president, says he disobeyed 'powers that be' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240624221829/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/05/20/2356594/zubiri-steps-down-senate-president-says-he-disobeyed-powers-be . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-30 . Philstar.com.
  9. Web site: Bordey . Hana . 2024-05-20 . Zubiri resigns as Senate president: I've given this job my all . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240627091112/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/907364/zubiri-resigns-as-senate-president-i-ve-given-this-job-my-all/story/ . 2024-06-27 . 2024-06-30 . GMA News Online . en.
  10. Web site: Bordey . Hana . 2024-05-20 . Senate poised to change leadership ahead of sine die adjournment . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240529124059/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/907348/senate-changes-leadership-ahead-of-sine-die-adjournment/story/ . 2024-05-29 . 2024-06-30 . GMA News Online . en.
  11. Web site: Fonbuena . Carmela . 2024-05-21 . LIST: 15 senators who voted to oust Zubiri as Senate President . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618194644/https://pcij.org/2024/05/21/list-15-senators-who-voted-to-oust-zubiri-as-senate-president/ . 2024-06-18 . 2024-06-30 . PCIJ.org . en-US.
  12. Web site: Escudero replaces Zubiri as Senate president . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240704023939/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/05/20/2356600/escudero-replaces-zubiri-senate-president . 2024-07-04 . 2024-06-30 . Philstar.com.
  13. Web site: Magsambol . Bonz . 2024-05-20 . Zubiri is out; Escudero is new Senate president . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240612141812/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/migz-zubiri-out-as-senate-president/ . 2024-06-12 . 2024-06-30 . RAPPLER . en-US.
  14. Web site: Morales . Neil Jerome . 2022-05-19 . Marcos set for supermajority as 'Uniteam' dominates Congress . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227160942/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/politics-issues/2022/05/19/217571/marcos-set-for-supermajority-as-uniteam-dominates-congress/ . 2024-02-27 . 2024-06-26 . Interaksyon . en-US . Reuters.
  15. Web site: Regalado . Edith . Servallos . Neil Jayson . 2024-06-20 . How UniTeam's cracks began to show . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240624214401/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/06/20/2364229/how-uniteams-cracks-began-show . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-26 . Philstar.com.
  16. Web site: Panti . Llanesca T. . 2024-06-19 . Uniteam no more: Timeline of Marcos-Duterte tandem's woes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626153534/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/910546/duterte-marcos-uniteam-ends/story/ . 2024-06-26 . 2024-06-26 . GMA News Online . en.
  17. Web site: Gomez . Jim . 2024-06-19 . Philippine Vice President Sara Duterte resigning from posts in Marcos' Cabinet as alliance flounders . 2024-07-06 . AP News . en . 2024-06-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626072650/https://apnews.com/article/philippines-vice-president-duterte-marcos-73a4ae12f2d0af475790bc2229d1c5c6 . live .
  18. News: Morales . Neil Jerome . 2024-06-25 . Former Philippine president Duterte plans senate run in 2025, says vice president . Reuters.
  19. Web site: Rosete . Franck Dick . 2024-06-25 . Sara Duterte downplays opposition role, thinks she's still friends with Marcos . 2024-07-06 . RAPPLER . en-US . 2024-07-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240703211152/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/mindanao/sara-duterte-downplays-opposition-role-thinks-still-friends-with-marcos/ . live .
  20. News: de Santos . Jonathan . 2024-06-23 . Mainstream opposition may have more in common with administration than with Dutertes — expert . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240628185413/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/6/23/mainstream-opposition-may-have-more-in-common-with-administration-than-with-dutertes-expert-1132 . 2024-06-28 . 2024-06-28 . ABS-CBN News.
  21. News: Term of Office and Privileges . . 2024-03-26 . 2020-08-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200830222051/https://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/terms.asp . live .
  22. Web site: Why only 12 are elected every 3 years for the 24-member Senate? . 2022-04-06 . www.pna.gov.ph . en . 2022-04-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220415125929/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1065188 . live .
  23. News: Election for Senado (Philippine Senate) . https://web.archive.org/web/20190516032029/http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3126/ . May 16, 2019 . Election Guide.
  24. Web site: Quezon . Manuel L. III . Manuel L. Quezon III . May 11, 2013 . The Great Divide: The midterm election of 2013 (Part 1) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160114191330/http://www.quezon.ph/2013/05/11/the-great-divide-the-midterm-election-of-2013/ . January 14, 2016 . May 30, 2020 . Manuel L. Quezon III . en-US.
  25. Web site: Ismael . Javier Joe . 2023-10-11 . Seven senators up for re-election in 2025 . 2024-03-26 . The Manila Times . en . 2023-10-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017141305/https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/10/11/tmt-anniversary/seven-senators-up-for-re-election-in-2025/1914088 . live .
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  95. News: Domingo . Katrina . NPC eyes Abby Binay, Lapid, Sotto as senatorial bets in 2025 elections . May 18, 2024 . . May 18, 2024 . May 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518154121/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/5/18/npc-eyes-abby-binay-lapid-sotto-as-senatorial-bets-in-2025-elections-2238 . live .
  96. News: Ellera . Teresa D. . Senator Lapid confirms re-election in 2025 . May 11, 2024 . . April 8, 2024 . May 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240511120138/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/bacolod/senator-lapid-confirms-re-election-in-2025 . live .
  97. News: Elias . Jun . Bong Revilla to seek reelection . May 12, 2024 . . May 12, 2024 . June 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626144835/https://qa.philstar.com/headlines/2024/05/12/2354436/bong-revilla-seek-reelection . live .
  98. News: Buan . Lian . 2024-10-02 . Tito Sotto runs again for Senate . Rappler . 2024-10-02 . 2024-10-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241002032339/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/tito-sotto-files-coc-senate-2025-elections/ . live .
  99. News: Mangaluz . Jean . 2024-10-01 . Francis Tolentino guns for another Senate term . . 2024-10-01 . 2024-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001051644/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/01/2389129/francis-tolentino-guns-another-senate-term . live .
  100. News: Fernandez . Butch . 2024-07-25 . Manny Villar confirms: daughter Camille will run for Senate seat . 2024-07-26 . . 2024-07-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240726005449/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2024/07/25/manny-villar-confirms-daughter-camille-will-run-for-senate-seat/ . live .
  101. News: Go . Miriam Grace A. . 2024-07-25 . Camille Villar 4th in the family to run for senator . 2024-07-26 . . 2024-07-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240726011554/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/camille-villar-4th-in-family-run-senator-2025-polls/ . live .
  102. Web site: Celine . Serquiña . 2024-10-06 . Singer Jimmy Bondoc, ex-VP bet Wilson Amad formalize senatorial bids for 2025 polls . 2024-10-16 . GMA News Online . en.
  103. News: Mendoza . John Eric . Ramon Magsaysay awardee, mangrove defender, runs for Senate . Inquirer.net . October 7, 2024 . October 9, 2024 . October 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241008105627/https://www.inquirer.net/416518/ramon-magsaysay-awardee-mangrove-defender-runs-for-senate/ . live .
  104. News: Lawyer and UST prof runs for Senator anew, says lack of funds not a reason to be called a nuisance bet. Abogado.com.ph. October 9, 2024. October 10, 2024. October 9, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241009085640/https://abogado.com.ph/lawyer-and-ust-prof-runs-for-senator-anew-says-lack-of-funds-not-a-reason-to-be-called-a-nuisance-bet/. live.
  105. News: Patinio . Ferdinand . Caliwan . Christopher Lloyd . 2024-10-01 . 17 senatorial bets, 15 party-lists file candidacy on Day 1 . Philippine News Agency . 2024-10-01 .
  106. News: Quismorio . Ellson . 2024-09-30 . Marcoleta declares senatorial bid: 'Wala na pong atrasan ito' . 2024-10-01 . Manila Bulletin . 2024-10-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241002101554/https://mb.com.ph/2024/9/30/marcoleta-declares-senatorial-bid-wala-na-pong-atrasan-ito . live .
  107. Web site: Villaruel . Jauhn Etienne . 2024-10-08 . Aspiring 2025 lawmakers eye redefinition of the 'Filipino family' . . 2024-10-16 . 2024-10-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241009220751/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/10/7/aspiring-2025-lawmakers-eye-redefinition-of-the-filipino-family-111 . live .
  108. News: Locus . Sundy . Ex-COA commissioner Heidi Mendoza joins senatorial race for Eleksyon 2025 . GMA News . October 8, 2024 . October 9, 2024 . October 9, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241009020458/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/922959/ex-coa-commissioner-heidi-mendoza-joins-senatorial-race-for-eleksyon-2025/story/ . live .
  109. News: Gabinete . Jojo . 2024-10-08 . Willie Revillame confirms running for senator in 2025 elections . 2024-10-08 . pep.ph . 2024-10-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080959/https://www.pep.ph/news/local/183304/willie-revillame-senator-2025-elections-a734-20241008?ref=home_feed_1&s=r5vtr2m7idgtj305m4047c7pi5 . live .
  110. News: 2024-08-21 . Chavit Singson announces senatorial bid for Eleksyon 2025 . GMA News . 2024-08-21 . 2024-08-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240821090825/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/917805/chavit-singson-announces-senatorial-bid-for-eleksyon-2025/story/ . live .
  111. News: September 26, 2024 . Ben Tulfo eyes Senate seat . . September 26, 2024 . September 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240926042741/https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/09/26/2387994/ben-tulfo-eyes-senate-seat . live .
  112. Web site: Mario Valbuena of transport group Manibela files his certificate of candidacy (COC) to run in the senatorial race for 2025 on Monday.. Philstar.com. Ryan Baldemor/The Philippine STAR. 2024-10-09.
  113. Web site: Serquiña . Mariel Celine . 2024-10-08 . Ex-ES Vic Rodriguez files candidacy for senator for Eleksyon 2025 . 2024-10-16 . GMA News Online . en . 2024-10-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241009020551/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/922992/vic-rodriguez-coc-senator-eleksyon-2025/story/ . live .
  114. Web site: Tabuena . Jazmin . 2024-02-23 . Ex-VP Robredo open to running in 2025 elections — spokesperson . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240225231345/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/02/23/2335624/ex-vp-robredo-open-running-2025-elections-spokesperson . 2024-02-25 . 2024-03-26 . Philstar.com.
  115. News: Cruz . RG . 2024-06-24 . Is Imee in Marcos admin's 2025 Senate slate? . . 2024-06-26 . 2024-06-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626152042/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/6/24/is-imee-in-marcos-admin-s-2025-senate-slate-1317 . live .
  116. News: Mendoza . John Eric . 2024-10-02 . Sen. Imee Marcos files COC for reelection . . 2024-10-02 . 2024-10-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241006075713/https://www.inquirer.net/414811/sen-imee-marcos-files-coc-for-reelection/ . live .
  117. News: Palaubsanon . Mitchelle L. . 2024-07-21 . Retired Col. Querubin starts his Senate run anew . 2024-07-29 . . 2024-07-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240729165833/https://qa.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/07/21/2371790/retired-col-querubin-starts-his-senate-run-anew . live .
  118. Web site: Villanueva . Raymund . 2024-08-02 . Labor leader is Makabayan's 3rd candidate for senate race . 2024-08-02 . Bulatlat . 2024-08-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240802134022/https://www.bulatlat.com/2024/08/02/labor-leader-is-makabayans-3rd-candidate-for-senate-race/ . live .
  119. News: Argosino . Faith . 2024-08-26 . Makabayan unveils 10-man senatorial slate . . 2024-08-26 . 2024-09-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240922071910/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1976711/makabayan-unveils-10-man-senatorial-slate . live .
  120. News: Aglibot . Joanna Rose . 2024-08-19 . Fisherfolk leader announces 2025 Senate bid . . 2024-08-19 . 2024-08-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105005/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1974386/fisherfolk-leader-announces-2025-senate-bid . live .
  121. News: Villaruel . Jauhn Etienne . 2024-08-21 . Makabayan names Teddy Casiño as 6th Senate candidate . . 2024-08-21 . 2024-08-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240821083753/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/8/21/makabayan-names-teddy-casi-o-as-6th-senate-candidate-1211 . live .
  122. News: Balancio . Joyce . 2024-06-26 . Rep. France Castro to run for Senate in 2025 . ABS-CBN News.
  123. News: Villaruel . Jauhn Etienne . 2024-08-15 . Liza Maza announces senatorial bid, joins Makabayan slate . 2024-08-16 . ABS-CBN News.
  124. News: Sampang . Dianne . 2024-08-22 . Farmers group leader announces senatorial bid, pushes for agri reform . . 2024-08-23 . 2024-08-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240823041339/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1975788/farmers-group-leader-announces-senatorial-bid-pushes-for-agricultural-reform . live .
  125. News: Kabagani . Lade Jean . 2024-10-05 . Singer-lawyer Jimmy Bondoc wants to be a senator . Daily Tribune . 2024-10-05 . live . 2024-10-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241006075714/https://tribune.net.ph/amp/story/2024/10/04/singer-lawyer-jimmy-bondoc-wants-to-be-a-senator .
  126. News: Perez . Annie . 2024-04-20 . Duterte stays with PDP; party drops 'Laban' from name . . 2024-05-05 . 2024-04-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240420060842/https://news.abs-cbn.com/regions/2024/4/20/duterte-stays-with-pdp-851 . live .
  127. News: Casucian . Jiselle Anne C. . 2024-09-14 . Ka Leody, BMP's Luke Espiritu to seek Senate seats in 2025 polls . 2024-09-21 . GMANetwork.com . 2024-09-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240921052029/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/920484/ka-leody-bmp-s-luke-espiritu-to-seek-senate-seats-in-2025-polls/story/ . live .
  128. Web site: Mariel Celine . Serquiña . 2024-10-07 . Comelec: Day 7 sees filing of 49 senatorial aspirants, 50 party-lists . 2024-10-16 . GMA News Online . en . 2024-10-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241008202453/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/922890/comelec-day-7-sees-filing-of-49-senatorial-aspirants-50-party-lists/story/ . live .
  129. News: Mendoza . John Eric . 2024-10-01 . Ex-presidential bet Joey Montemayor files COC for senator . . 2024-10-01 . 2024-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001034653/https://www.inquirer.net/414487/ex-presidential-bet-joey-montemayor-files-coc-for-senator/ . live .
  130. News: 2024-09-15 . Sonny Matula declares Senate bid . . 2024-09-21 . 2024-09-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240928114319/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1983389/sonny-matula-declares-senate-bid . live .
  131. News: Ferreras . Vince Angelo . October 8, 2024 . Ex-Defense chief Lorenzana withdrew Senate candidacy — Comelec . October 8, 2024 . GMA News . October 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241008124048/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/922994/ex-defense-chief-lorenzana-withdrew-senate-candidacy-comelec/story/ . live .
  132. News: Sampang . Dianne . 2024-07-19 . De Lima says she won't run in 2025 elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808182214/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1962712/de-lima-says-she-wont-run-in-2025-elections . 2024-08-08 . 2024-07-29 . INQUIRER.net.
  133. Web site: Cupin . Bea . 2024-09-20 . Leila de Lima guns for House seat as Mamamayang Liberal nominee . 2024-09-20 . RAPPLER . en-US . 2024-09-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240920070325/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/leila-de-lima-guns-seat-house-representatives-mamamayang-liberal/ . live .
  134. News: Sampang . Dianne . 2024-09-28 . Chel Diokno is Akbayan Party's 1st nominee for 2025 polls . 2024-09-29 . . 2024-10-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241006081248/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1987917/chel-diokno-is-akbayan-partys-first-nominee-for-2025-polls . live .
  135. News: Ombay . Giselle . June 25, 2024 . Rodrigo Duterte, sons Baste, Paolo eyeing 2025 Senate bid —VP Sara . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626144721/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/911155/rodrigo-duterte-sons-baste-paolo-eyeing-2025-senate-bid-vp-sara/story/ . June 26, 2024 . June 25, 2024 . GMA News.
  136. Web site: Magsambol . Bonz . 2024-05-20 . How the Senate race is shaping up a year before 2025 elections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092744/https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/how-philippines-senatorial-race-shaping-up-2025-polls/ . 2024-05-23 . 2024-06-09 . . en-US.
  137. News: Ombay . Giselle . June 25, 2024 . Rodrigo Duterte, sons Baste, Paolo eyeing 2025 Senate bid —VP Sara . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626144721/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/911155/rodrigo-duterte-sons-baste-paolo-eyeing-2025-senate-bid-vp-sara/story/ . June 26, 2024 . June 25, 2024 . GMA News.
  138. Web site: 2024-06-09 . Will Isko Moreno run for senator? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240609202809/https://politiko.com.ph/2024/06/09/will-isko-moreno-run-for-senator/snitch-network/ . 2024-06-09 . 2024-06-09 . Politiko . en-US.
  139. Web site: Ong . Ghio . Isko may run for Manila mayor under Aksyon Demokratiko . 2024-07-30 . Philstar.com . 2024-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240730185324/https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/07/20/2371519/isko-may-run-manila-mayor-under-aksyon-demokratiko . live .
  140. Web site: Mendoza . John Eric . 2024-09-20 . Former VP Leni Robredo to run for Naga City mayor . 2024-09-20 . INQUIRER.net . en . 2024-09-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240922072306/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1985280/fwd-break-leni-robredo-to-run-as-naga-city-mayor . live .
  141. Web site: Balce . Ben . 2024-09-28 . Klarex, Rufus form alliance for midterm polls next year . 2024-10-22 . Mindanao Gold Star Daily . en-US.
  142. Web site: Banayo . Lito . 2024-05-03 . Politics 2025 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240609225423/https://manilastandard.net/opinion/314442988/politics-2025.html . 2024-06-09 . 2024-06-09 . Manila Standard . en-US.
  143. Web site: Lalu . Gabriel Pabico . 2024-07-15 . Trillanes now with Aksyon Demokratiko . 2024-07-16 . INQUIRER.net . en . 2024-08-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808182211/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1961217/trillanes-now-with-aksyon-demokratiko . live .
  144. Web site: PUBLiCUS Asia, Inc. . PAHAYAG Senate Preference Survey: Bong Go Leads, But Nearly Half of Voters Open to Change . 2024-10-21.
  145. Web site: Peers Agency . 2024-11-16 . www.peersph.org.
  146. Web site: Untalan . Sherylin . 2024-04-30 . Ex-president Duterte, Sotto, Tulfo top potential senatorial bets in survey . 2024-07-01 . GMA News Online . en . 2024-07-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240701033002/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/905285/ex-president-duterte-sotto-tulfo-top-potential-senatorial-bets-in-survey/story/ . live .
  147. Web site: March 2024 Nationwide Survey on 2025 Senatorial Election . April 4, 2024 . Pulse Asia . en-US . April 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240404040026/https://pulseasia.ph/updates/5361/?portfolioCats=249 . live .
  148. Web site: April 4, 2024 . Erwin Tulfo leads OCTA Research senatorial survey . April 4, 2024 . GMANetwork.com . en-US . July 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240704023942/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/902568/erwin-tulfo-leads-octa-research-senatorial-survey/story/?amp . live .
  149. Web site: Former President Duterte slips from top spot in 2025 Senatorial race - PAHAYAG Survey . 2024-06-30 . www.publicusasia.com . en . 2024-06-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240630191903/https://www.publicusasia.com/posts/press%20release/former-president-duterte-slips-from-top-spot-in-2025-senatorial-race-pahayag-survey . live .
  150. Web site: Ong, Tulfo, Duterte lead 2025 senatorial race; reelectionists face uncertainty - PAHAYAG . 2024-07-12 . www.publicusasia.com . en . 2024-07-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240712134126/https://www.publicusasia.com/posts/press%20release/ong-tulfo-duterte-lead-2025-senatorial-race;-reelectionists-face-uncertainty-pahayag . live .
  151. Web site: 2024-07-12 . Ulat ng Bayan June 17–24 Pulse Asia Senatorial preference survey . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808182218/https://pulseasia.ph/updates/june-2024-nationwide-survey-on-the-performance-and-trustworthiness-ratings-of-the-top-philippine-government-officials/ . 2024-08-08 . 2024-07-18 . . en.
  152. Web site: Erwin Tulfo tops Oculum senatorial survey. 2024-10-12. www.oculum.ph. 31 August 2023 . en. 2024-07-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20240721105416/https://oculum.ph/erwin-tulfo-tops-oculum-senatorial-survey/. live.
  153. Web site: September 19, 2024 . Tulfo brothers, Sotto, Go top latest OCTA senatorial survey . GMANetwork.com . September 22, 2024 . en-US . September 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240920021151/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/920988/tulfo-brothers-sotto-go-top-latest-octa-senatorial-survey/story/ . live .
  154. Web site: 2024-07-12 . Ulat ng Bayan September 6-13 Pulse Asia Senatorial preference survey . live . 2024-10-02 . . en . 2024-10-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241002133033/https://pulseasia.ph/updates/september-2024-ulat-ng-bayan-senatorial-pre-election-preference-probe/ .
  155. Web site: 2024-10-15 . SWS confirms survey item for Stratbase Consultancy on voting preferences for Senators in the 2025 elections . live . 2024-10-01 . . en . 2024-10-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241002035348/https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20241001081330 .

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