2024 Iran–Israel conflict explained

Conflict:2024 Iran–Israel conflict
Combatant1:
Supported by:
Axis of Resistance:
Combatant2: Israel
Supported by:
 United States[5]
United Kingdom
France[6]
Jordan
Intelligence:
 Saudi Arabia[7] [8]
United Arab Emirates
Commander1:
Commander2:
Date:First phase: 1–19 April 2024
Second phase: 31 July 2024 – present
Partof:the Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
Units1: General Staff

Syrian Armed Forces[14]

Hezbollah's military

Yemeni Armed Forces

Units2:

United States Armed Forces

British Armed Forces

Jordanian Armed Forces

French Armed Forces

Royal Saudi Armed Forces (claimed)

Casualties1:19 killed
  • Consulate annex destroyed
  • 170 drones intercepted
  • Air defense battery and radar system destroyed
  • Material damage to SAA and Hezbollah military installations
Casualties2:
  • 1 Israeli civilian dead (indirectly)
  • 35 Israeli civilians injured
  • Tel Nof, Nevatim and Ramon airbases damaged
  • Intelligence base in occupied Golan Heights damaged
  • MSC Aries seized
Casualties3:
  • 2 Syrian civilians killed
  • Shrapnel in Jordan
Status:Ongoing

In 2024, the Iran–Israel proxy conflict escalated to a series of direct confrontations between the two countries. On 1 April, Israel bombed an Iranian consulate complex in Damascus, Syria, killing multiple senior Iranian officials.[30] In response, Iran and its Axis of Resistance allies seized the Israeli-linked ship MSC Aries and launched strikes inside Israel on 13 April.[1] Israel then carried out retaliatory strikes in Iran and Syria on 19 April.[31] [32]

The Israeli strikes were limited, and analysts say they signaled a desire to de-escalate. Iran did not respond to the attack, and tensions de-escalated back down to the proxy conflict.

Other actors participated in the conflict as well. The United States, United Kingdom, France, and Jordan intercepted Iranian drones to defend Israel.[28] Syria shot down some Israeli interceptors, and Iranian proxies in the region also attacked Israel.[14] [1]

Tensions increased after the 31 July assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, the political leader of Hamas, in Tehran, Iran. The killing of Haniyeh occurred a few hours after the 2024 Haret Hreik airstrike in Lebanon that assassinated Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr. Iran and Hezbollah pledged retaliation. On 1 October 2024, Iran launched a series of missiles at Israel. Israel then carried out more retaliatory strikes against Iran on 25 October.

Background

See main article: Iran–Israel proxy conflict and Israel–Hamas war. After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the Government of Iran took a more critical stance on Israel,[33] and a proxy war emerged as Iran supported Lebanese Shia and Palestinian militants during the 1982 Lebanon War.[34] Iran began to gain power and influence with other Islamist countries and groups in the Middle East,[35] [36] collectively named the "Axis of Resistance".[37] The conflict evolved with Israeli attempts to stop the Iranian nuclear program and confrontations during the Syrian civil war.[38] [39]

Previous tensions during the Israel–Hamas war

On 7 October 2023, Hamas, a Palestinian militant group partially funded by Iran, launched an attack on Israel resulting in the deaths of almost 1,200 Israelis, mostly civilians, and the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war.[40] Israel also skirmished with Iranian proxy Hezbollah in Lebanon.[41] After the attack, Israel began targeting Iranian and proxy troops in Syria more frequently as retaliation.[42] Fears of a regional war grew in the following months.[43]

On 25 December, Razi Mousavi, an Iranian commander, was killed in a targeted Israeli airstrike at his residence in Sayyidah Zaynab, 10km (10miles) south of Damascus, amid the Israel–Hamas war. Mousavi's assassination marked the highest-ranking killing of a senior Iranian military official since the targeted assassination of Qasem Soleimani, until the subsequent killing of Mohammad Reza Zahedi in 2024.[44] [45]

On 20 January 2024, Iranian general Sadegh Omidzadeh and four other Iranian officials (Ali Aghazadeh, Saeed Karimi, Hossein Mohammadi, and Mohammad Amin Samadi)[46] were killed during a meeting at a building in the Mezzeh district of Damascus. The Israeli airstrikes, as reported by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, resulted in the complete destruction of the building, leading to the death of at least 10 military personnel.[47]

Timeline

April 2024 escalation

Israeli bombing of Iranian embassy (1 April)

See main article: Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus.

On 1 April, Israel bombed the Iranian embassy in Damascus, Syria. The attack killed 16 people, including multiple Iranian officers and proxy fighters. Most notably, Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a commander for the Quds Force was killed in the airstrike.[13] Iranian officials in the building were allegedly meeting with Palestinian militant leaders at the time of the attack.[48]

Iran vowed to respond, and Western sources suspected it would directly attack Israel.[49] Israel began preparing in the days leading up to the attack, evacuating Israeli embassies and jamming GPS signals in the case of an aerial bombing.[50] [51] France deployed its navy to defend Israel.[6] Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates provided Israel with intelligence on the strikes.[7]

Seizure of the MSC Aries (13 April)

See main article: Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries. On 13 April 2024, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy took control of the Portuguese-registered and Madeira-flagged container ship MSC Aries in the Hormuz Strait where it was boarded by Iranian commandos in international waters off the coast of the United Arab Emirates via helicopter,[52] [53] then directed to Iranian territory for "violating maritime law". The ship is leased to the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) by Gortal Shipping, an affiliate of Zodiac Maritime, whose principal is Israeli.[54] Following the incident, Israel called on the European Union to sanction the IRGC.[55]

Iranian strikes on Israel (13–14 April)

See main article: April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel.

Early on 13 April, Hezbollah attacked northern Israel with around 40 rockets. Israel responded by bombing a Hezbollah weapons manufacturing site in Lebanon.[56] Al Jazeera said the attack was significant given the conflict,[57] and the Institute for the Study of War suggested the strikes were coordinated with Iran.[4]

Later, Iran and its proxies attacked Israel with about 300 drones and multiple ballistic missiles.[58] The Houthis, Islamic Resistance in Iraq, Badr Organization, and True Promise Corps also launched attacks on Israel under Iranian command.[4] Syria shot down some Israeli intercepters.[14] The United States, United Kingdom, and Jordan intercepted over 100 Iranian drones.[5] [59] The drones and missiles eventually hit various cities across Israel, the West Bank, and Golan Heights.[60] The attack also damaged the Nevatim and Ramon airbases.[61] 33 civilians were injured.[62] [63] [64]

Israeli and U.S. officials conducted situational assessments that night. The United States said it would not participate in a retaliatory strike on Iran. Iran threatened that if Israel were to retaliate, directly or indirectly, it would strike back harder. Israel said the attack warranted a response. The United States warned Israel to exercise restraint, and the Israeli war cabinet argued over the scale of Israel's response.[65] Israel delayed plans to start an offensive in Rafah that week so it could determine a response.[66]

The war cabinet continued arguments over the Israeli response during the following week. The cabinet considered military and diplomatic options, with international pressure to de-escalate the situation influencing decisions.[67] On 18 April, it was reported that the United States would greenlight a Rafah offensive in exchange for no Israeli strike on Iran.[68] The U.S. and EU tightened sanctions on Iran.[69]

Israeli response (19 April)

See main article: April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran.

On the morning of 19 April, Israel retaliated against Iran. Israel attacked three targets in or near Isfahan International Airport, including a military base. One of the targets was a radar for the Natanz nuclear site. Iran claimed that its air defense shot down all Israeli projectiles and that the explosions were from air defense, but satellite images showed a damaged air defense battery and damage to the radar system.[70] [71] Israel did not comment or claim responsibility for any attack. In southern Syria, SAA bases were targeted, leading to material losses.[72] Explosions and fighter jets were also heard in Iraq,[73] and debris from an Israeli missile was found in central Iraq, suggesting Israel fired from there.[74]

Iranian state media downplayed the Israeli strike, and Iranian officials said there was no planned retaliation.[75] An anonymous source told CNN that direct state-to-state strikes were over.[76] Analysts said the attack and Iranian reaction showed that both sides wanted to de-escalate.[77]

Summer and Fall 2024 escalation

Assassinations of Shukr and Haniyeh (31 July)

See main article: Assassination of Fuad Shukr and Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh.

On 31 July, Fuad Shukr, a senior Hezbollah commander was assassinated in an Israeli strike on Haret Hreik, in the suburbs of the Lebanese capital Beirut.[78] Iranian military adviser Milad Bedi and civilians were also killed in the strike.[79] The strike was retaliation for the Majdal Shams attack, which killed twelve children, that Israel claimed Shukr had ordered.[80]

Later that day, Ismail Haniyeh, the political leader of Hamas, was assassinated along with his personal bodyguard in the Iranian capital Tehran by an apparent Israeli attack.[81] Haniyeh was killed in his accommodation in a military-run guesthouse after attending the inauguration ceremony for Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian.[82]

Heightened tensions (August–September)

After the attacks, Iran and Hezbollah pledged retaliation.[83] [84] According to Israeli reports, retaliatory attacks are likely to be launched by multiple members of the Axis of Resistance, including in Lebanon, Gaza, Iraq, Syria and Yemen, as similarly done in the coordinated attack on Israel in April 2024.[85] Many countries warned their citizens to leave Lebanon because of increasing war tensions.[86] [87]

The U.S. State Department has been trying to prevent an attack by working through diplomats to send the message to Iran that escalation of the conflict is not in their best interests, and that the U.S. will defend Israel from attacks. Other U.S. officials stated that the successful shoot-down in April relied on good military intelligence about what Iran was planning, but this time the military situation is more uncertain.[84] Russian President Vladimir Putin sent a message to Iran's Supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei through Sergei Shoigu, the secretary of Russia's security council, to have a restrained response, and not to attack Israeli civilians.[88]

The United States military announced the deployment of an additional squadron of F-22 Raptors from the 1st Operations Group of the 1st Fighter Wing;[89] 4,000 marines and 12 ships were deployed to the region as a part of Carrier Strike Group 9 in the Persian Gulf and three Wasp-class amphibious assault ships, two destroyers and the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit as a part of the USS Wasp amphibious ready group in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.[90] [91] The Carrier Strike Group 3 including USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) and an unspecified number of cruisers and destroyers along with Carrier Air Wing Nine was also deployed, sent from the Pacific Ocean.[89]

On 5 August 2024, NOTAMs were issued to warn pilots regarding the closure or restriction of the airspace of Iran and Jordan, a precaution related to a possible attack by Iran against Israel.[92] [93]

Israel–Hezbollah escalations (17–27 September)

On 17 September, Israel adopted a new war goal; to return civilians displaced by Hezbollah back to their homes in northern Israel.[94] Later that day and the next, thousands of communications devices (including pagers and walkie-talkies) exploded simultaneously across Lebanon and Syria, with Israel aiming to attack Hezbollah members. The attack killed 42 people.[95] In response, Hezbollah launched rocket attacks on northern Israeli cities and towns, including Nazareth, on 22 September.[96] On 23 September, Israel killed two of Hezbollah top commanders, Ibrahim Aqil and Ahmed Wehbe in Dahieh, south of Beirut.[97]

On 23 September, Israel began a bombing campaign of southern Lebanon. The attacks killed over 700 people,[98] injured more than 5,000,[99] and displaced 500,000 Lebanese civilians.[100]

Assassination of Hassan Nasrallah (27 September)

See main article: 2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike. On 27 September 2024, Hassan Nasrallah, the secretary-general of Hezbollah, was assassinated in an Israeli airstrike in Dahieh.[101] [102] The strike took place while Hezbollah leaders were meeting at a headquarters located underground beneath residential buildings.[103] The attack also killed Ali Karaki, the Commander of Hezbollah's Southern Front and Abbas Nilforoushan, deputy commander of the IRGC and commander of the Quds Force in Lebanon.[104] Iran condemned the attack, and had internal debates on how to respond to Nasrallah's death.[105]

Israeli invasion of Lebanon (30 September–present)

See main article: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

Iranian strikes on Israel (1 October)

See main article: October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel.

On 1 October 2024, Iran launched around 200 missiles towards Israel in two waves.

Israeli strikes on Iran (26 October)

On 26 October 2024, Israel began attacking Iran, with explosions heard near Imam Khomeini International Airport, Mashhad, Karaj, Kermanshah, Zanjan.[106] [107] [108] [109] [110] Explosions were also heard near Damascus, Syria.[111] [112]

Iranian threat of response & Israeli threat towards Iraq (October–present)

On 31 October 2024, Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei ordered his military officials to prepare for a military response against Israel, with Iranian officials warning that the response to Israel's strikes will be 'harsh' and 'unimaginable'.[113]

On the same day, Israeli intelligence suggested that Iran prepared to respond to Israel's attack from within Iraqi territory. The Axios reported that the attack would consist of a large number of drones and ballistic missiles launched from Iraqi territory.[114]

In November 2024, Israeli news outlets began reporting that Israel may target the Islamic Resistance in Iraq for its campaign against Israel during its wars on Gaza and on Lebanon. Unnamed officials allegedly told outlets that satellites monitored the transfer of ballistic missiles and related equipment from Iran to Iraqi territory.[115]

On 19 November, Israel issued a letter to the UN Security Council asserting its right to self-defense against the Islamic Resistance in Iraq for its military campaign on Israel during its wars on Gaza and Lebanon. Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani warned that the letter served as pretext for an attack on Iraq, aligning with Israel's efforts to expand the war in the region.[116] [117]

The Israeli security threat towards Iraq caused the Iraqi government to issue a statement that it would take all necessary diplomatic and military actions to protect its sovereignty. On 21 November, The Iraqi government requested an emergency session of the Arab League Council through the Iraqi Permanent Mission to the Arab League to address the Israeli threats against Iraq. The request highlighted Israel's threats in its letter to the UN Security Council, where it sought to expand its aggression in the region to Iraq.[118]

Reactions

has endorsed the Israeli position that the conflict between Israel and Palestine somehow benefits Iran "The Palestinians are being sacrificed for Iran".[119]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Lilleholm . Lucas . 23 November 2023 . US warship shoots down attack drones over the Red Sea . CNN . 13 April 2024 . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413123527/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/22/politics/us-warship-attack-drones-red-sea/index.html . live .
  2. Web site: 13 April 2024 . IDF strikes Hezbollah military complex in Lebanon . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . 13 April 2024 . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413070828/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-796767 . live .
  3. Web site: 13 April 2024 . Live Updates: Israel Reports Light Damage After Iran Launches Large Strike . The New York Times . 14 April 2024 . limited . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413194551/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/04/13/world/israel-iran-gaza-war-news . live .
  4. Web site: IRAN UPDATE, APRIL 13, 2024 . understandingwar.org . Members of Iran's so-called "Axis of Resistance" appear to have conducted attacks targeting Israel simultaneously with Iran's first wave of attacks. Lebanese Hezbollah claimed it fired "dozens" of Katyusha rockets targeting an Israeli missile and artillery base in the Golan Heights at 1800 ET. . ISW . 26 April 2024.
  5. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . 14 April 2024 . More than 100 Iranian drones have been intercepted by US, UK outside Israel, says defense official . The Times of Israel . 14 April 2024 . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414043355/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/more-than-100-iranian-drones-have-been-intercepted-by-us-uk-outside-israel-says-defense-official/ . live .
  6. News: France Deploys Navy to Defend Israel . 13 April 2024 . The Wall Street Journal . en-US . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414003709/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strikes-live-coverage/card/france-deploys-navy-to-defend-israel-fwknZbgcf2sGhKZdTlye . live .
  7. Web site: Winer . Stuart . 15 April 2024 . Report: Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, provided intelligence on Iran attack . 15 April 2024 . The Times of Israel . en-US . 15 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240415201536/https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-gulf-states-including-saudi-arabia-provided-intelligence-on-iran-attack/amp/ . live .
  8. News: Bradley. Matt. 16 April 2024. An uneasy alliance of Arab states helped defend Israel from Iran. Their resolve may soon be tested.. NBC News. Beirut. 18 April 2024. 18 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240418002440/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iran-attack-israel-hamas-war-saudi-arabia-jordan-uae-coalition-rcna147965. live.
  9. Web site: Institute for the Study of War . 20 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419222100/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-19-2024 . live .
  10. Web site: Faylaq al-Wa'ad al-Sadiq . jihadintel.meform.org . Jihad Intel . 26 April 2024.
  11. Web site: 19 April 2024 . Iran fires air defense batteries in provinces as explosions heard near Isfahan . 19 April 2024 . . en . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419020322/https://apnews.com/article/iran-israel-mideast-tensions-4-19-2024-a7ccbae2e2844bab089e8e4377a24ddb . live .
  12. Web site: 19 April 2024 . Israel launches missile attack on Isfahan in response to Iran assault . Al Jazeera . 21 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419023421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/19/live-israel-launches-missile-attack-in-response-to-iran-assault . live .
  13. News: Chao-Fong . Léonie . Middle East crisis live: Iran says it holds Israel responsible for Damascus consulate attack and will 'reciprocate when we want' . 1 April 2024 . . 1 April 2024 . 1 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240401191127/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/apr/01/israel-hamas-war-airstrike-iran-consulate-gaza-syria-live-updates#top-of-blog . live .
  14. News: الدفاعات السورية تستهدف صواريخ إسرائيلية حاولت التصدي للصواريخ الإيرانية المتجهة للجولان. Syrian defenses targeted Israeli missiles that attempted to confront Iranian missiles heading for the Golan. 15 April 2024. ar. Al-Watan. 18 April 2024. 17 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240417161144/https://alwatan.sy/archives/385522. live.
  15. Web site: 13 April 2024 . Hezbollah says it launched dozens of rockets at IDF air defense headquarters . 13 April 2024 . CNN World . en-US . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414003127/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-04-13-24/h_9a37b684d5d335ed0f147b400ceee743 . live .
  16. News: Fabian . Emanuel . Iran fires some 300 drones, missiles at Israel in first-ever direct attack; 99% downed . . 14 April 2024 . 14 April 2024 . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414061453/https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-launches-wave-of-drones-at-israel-in-first-ever-direct-attack-idf-braces-to-intercept/ . live .
  17. Web site: U.S. Warships in Eastern Mediterranean Down Iranian Ballistic Missiles . . 14 April 2024 . 14 April 2024 . Mogilio, Heather . 15 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240415013359/https://news.usni.org/2024/04/14/u-s-warships-in-eastern-mediterranean-down-iranian-ballistic-missiles . live .
  18. Web site: US forces shot down over 75 Iranian missiles and drones in its biggest air-defense battle of the Middle East crisis . Business Insider . 14 April 2024 . 14 April 2024 . Epstein, Jake . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414203101/https://www.businessinsider.com/us-forces-destroyed-iran-missiles-drones-massive-air-defense-battle-2024-4 . live .
  19. News: Klippenstein. Ken. Boguslaw. Daniel. 15 April 2024. U.S., Not Israel, Shot Down Most Iran Drones and Missiles. The Intercept. 18 April 2024. 16 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240416123143/https://theintercept.com/2024/04/15/iran-attack-israel-drones-missiles/. live.
  20. Web site: 13 April 2024 . U.S. Shoots Down Number of Iranian Drones . 13 April 2024 . The Wall Street Journal . en-US . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414004131/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strikes-live-coverage/card/u-s-shoots-down-number-of-iranian-drones-9bp12q3zkCte4BIrx57i . live .
  21. News: Vinograd . Cassandra . Schmitt . Eric . U.S. Sends a Top General to Israel Amid Fears of Iranian Strikes . 12 April 2024 . New York Times . 11 April 2024 . 12 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240412011029/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/11/world/middleeast/israel-iran-hamas-strikes.html . live .
  22. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . IDF: Halevi spoke to British counterpart, thanked him for assistance during Iran attack . The Times of Israel . 20 April 2024 . 16 April 2024 . 17 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240417015845/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-halevi-spoke-to-british-counterpart-thanked-him-for-assistance-during-iran-attack/ . live .
  23. Web site: IDF Chief of Staff Halevi thanks UK Defense Chief Radakin for interception efforts . The Jerusalem Post . 20 April 2024 . en . 16 April 2024 . 18 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240418184906/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-797376 . live .
  24. Web site: 13 April 2024 . Over 100 drones intercepted outside Israeli territory: Report "Israeli army radio reports that over 100 drones were intercepted outside Israeli territory with assistance from the US and UK." . 13 April 2024 . Al Jazeera . en-US . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413010526/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-5-dead-dozens-injured-in-gaza-city-attack . live .
  25. Web site: RAF fighter jets shot down Iran drones, Rishi Sunak says . Gregory . James . Durbin . Adam . 14 April 2024 . www.bbc.co.uk . BBC News . 15 April 2024 . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414192108/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-68810774 . live .
  26. Web site: 13 April 2024 . Jordan said it shot down dozens of Iranian drones. 13 April 2024 . Reuters . en-US.
  27. News: France Deploys Navy to Defend Israel . 14 April 2024 . The Wall Street Journal . en-US . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414003709/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strikes-live-coverage/card/france-deploys-navy-to-defend-israel-fwknZbgcf2sGhKZdTlye . live .
  28. News: French Rafale fighters scramble to neutralize Iranian drones over Jordan . 16 April 2024 . Aerotime . en-US . 17 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240417062430/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/french-rafale-fighters-neutralize-iranian-drones . live .
  29. Web site: Saudi Arabia says it helped defend Israel against Iran . The Jerusalem Post . 15 April 2024 . 16 April 2024 . 15 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240415225155/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/saudi-arabia-acknowledges-helping-defend-israel-against-iran-797201 . live .
  30. News: Bowen . Jeremy . Gritten . David . 1 April 2024 . Israel accused of deadly strike on Iranian consulate in Syria . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240401183051/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68708923 . 1 April 2024 . 1 April 2024 .
  31. Web site: Joffre . Tzvi . 19 April 2024 . Israel strikes Iran, defense officials confirm - NYT . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419011632/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-797866 . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com.
  32. Web site: Raddatz . Martha . 18 April 2024 . Israeli missiles have hit a site in Iran . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419015020/https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas-war/israeli-missiles-have-hit-a-site-in-iran-109405880?id=108860743 . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . ABC News.
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  44. News: 25 December 2023 . Iran warns Israel will pay after top IRGC commander killed in Syria airstrike . 25 December 2023 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . 25 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231225150644/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-779461 . live .
  45. News: Ravid . Barak . 1 April 2024 . Top Iranian general killed by Israeli airstrike: sources . 1 April 2024 . Axios . 5 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405101654/https://www.axios.com/2024/04/01/iranian-general-israel-airstrike-assassination . live .
  46. Web site: 20 January 2024 . Fifth Iran Revolutionary Guards member dies after strike in Syria attributed to Israel . 17 April 2024 . The Times of Israel . 25 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240125151942/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/fifth-iran-revolutionary-guards-member-dies-after-strike-in-syria-attributed-to-israel/ . live .
  47. News: 20 January 2024 . بينهم 3 من قيادات "الحرس الثوري" الإيراني.. 10 قتلى في الاستهداف الإسرائيلي لمبنى في دمشق . Including 3 leaders of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.. 10 killed in the Israeli targeting of a building in Damascus . 20 January 2024 . Syrian Observatory for Human Rights . Arabic . 11 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240411230351/https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85-3-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-2/699552/ . live .
  48. News: Taub . Amanda . 2 April 2024 . . Israel bombed an Iranian Embassy complex. Is that allowed? . limited . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240402221504/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/world/europe/interpreter-israel-syria-embassy.html . 2 April 2024 . 7 April 2024 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  49. News: Lee . MJ . Hansler . Jennifer . US preparing for significant Iran attack on US or Israeli assets in the region as soon as next week . 5 April 2024 . 9 April 2024 . . en-US . 6 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240406002351/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/05/politics/us-israel-iran-retaliation-strike/index.html . live .
  50. Web site: Hider . James . Arraf . Jane . 1 April 2024 . Iranian officials accuse Israel of a deadly attack on Iran's consulate in Syria . 5 April 2024 . NPR . 5 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405194149/https://www.npr.org/2024/04/01/1242131816/iran-consulate-attack-syria-israel . live .
  51. News: Peled . Sune . Engel Rasmussen . Anat . Israel Scrambles GPS Signals as Country Girds for Potential Retaliation From Iran . 5 April 2024 . . en-US . 5 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405163216/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-scrambles-gps-signals-as-country-girds-for-potential-retaliation-from-iran-f653c918 . live . subscription.
  52. News: 13 April 2024 . Amid rising tension, Iran's troops raid Israel-linked ship near UAE: Report . 17 April 2024 . Business Standard.
  53. Web site: Howard . Gary . 13 April 2024 . Iran seizes large container ship MSC Aries in Strait of Hormuz . 17 April 2024 . Seatrade Maritime News . en . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413193735/https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/casualty/iran-seizes-large-container-ship-msc-aries-strait-hormuz . live .
  54. News: Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws' . Reuters . 15 April 2024. 4 May 2024.
  55. News: Eichner . Itamar . Ben-Ari . Lior . 13 April 2024 . שר החוץ קרא להטיל סנקציות על איראן אחרי ההשתלטות על הספינה. יועץ לחמינאי: "ישראל בפאניקה" . The Foreign Minister called for sanctions to be imposed on Iran after the seizure of the ship. Advisor to Khamenei: "Israel is in a panic" . 13 April 2024 . Ynet . he . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413143644/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1uncl00gr . live .
  56. Web site: IDF confirms strike on Hezbollah 'significant weapons manufacturing site' in northeast Lebanon . timesofisrael.com . Times of Israel . 14 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419064853/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-confirms-strike-on-hezbollah-significant-weapons-manufacturing-site-in-northeast-lebanon/ . live .
  57. Web site: 13 April 2024 . Lebanon's Hezbollah fires 'dozens of rockets' at Israeli positions . 14 April 2024 . Al Jazeera . "the current regional context makes the Hezbollah launches significant, but the location was important as well. ... The latest Hezbollah attack comes as the world anticipates an Iranian attack on Israel..." . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414033409/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/lebanons-hezbollah-fires-dozens-of-rockets-at-israeli-positions . live .
  58. Bando . Erin . 13 April 2024 . Iran launches drone attack against Israel . Politico . 17 April 2024 . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413232658/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/13/iran-israel-attacks-00152116 . live .
  59. Web site: Al-Khalidi . Suleiman . 13 April 2024 . Jordan's air defence ready to shoot down any Iranian aircraft that violate its airspace . 13 April 2024 . Reuters.
  60. Web site: B. Powell . Tori . Tanno . Sophie . Tucker . Emma . Iyer . Kaanita . LeBlanc . Paul . Vogt . Adrienne . Taylor . Jerome . Legge . James . Iran launches barrage of strikes toward Israel . 13 April 2024 . CNN . 13 April 2024 . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413223210/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-04-13-24/index.html . live .
  61. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . 14 April 2024 . IDF: 99% of the 300 or so projectiles fired by Iran at Israel overnight were intercepted . 14 April 2024 . The Times of Israel . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414045919/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-99-of-the-300-or-so-projectiles-fired-by-iran-at-israel-overnight-were-intercepted/ . live .
  62. Web site: Magen David Adom: Ten-year-old boy seriously wounded in attack on southern Israel. Ha'aretz. 14 April 2024. 14 April 2024. 14 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240414004211/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-14/ty-article-live/biden-doubles-down-on-iran-warning-dont-u-s-move-additional-assets-to-region/0000018e-d491-d161-ab8f-f4f583d30000?liveBlogItemId=1374552018. live.
  63. Web site: 14 April 2024 . Live updates: Explosions seen over parts of Jerusalem amid air sirens around Israel . 14 April 2024 . NBC News . en . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413235922/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-attack-strikes-live-updates-rcna147477 . live .
  64. Web site: 14 April 2024 . Iranian barrage of missiles and drones causes little damage, Israel says . 14 April 2024 . NBC News . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414131433/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/iran-attack-israel-strikes-live-updates-rcna147738 . live .
  65. Web site: 13 April 2024 . Israel War Cabinet Silent on Next Steps After Iran Attack: Live Updates . limited . 14 April 2024 . The Wall Street Journal . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413233006/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strikes-live-coverage . live .
  66. Web site: Magramo . Kathleen . Radford . Antoinette . 15 April 2024 . Live updates: Israel intercepts Iran drone attacks and weighs response, Gaza crisis continues . 15 April 2024 . CNN . en . 15 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240415042103/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-04-15-24/index.html . live .
  67. Web site: Diamond . Jeremy . 15 April 2024 . Israel delays Rafah offensive plans amid heated debate over response to Iranian attack, sources say . 16 April 2024 . CNN . 16 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240416111620/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/15/middleeast/israel-war-cabinet-iran-debate-intl/index.html . live .
  68. Web site: 18 April 2024 . US approves Rafah op. in exchange for no Israeli counter-strikes on Iran - report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240418165022/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-797675 . 18 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com.
  69. News: U.S. and Allies Penalize Iran for Striking Israel, and Try to Avert War . The New York Times . 18 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419000132/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/18/world/middleeast/israel-iran-sanctions.html . live . Shear . Michael D. . Levenson . Michael .
  70. News: Satellite imagery shows that a precision attack damaged an air defense system at an Iranian base. . 20 April 2024 . The New York Times . 20 April 2024 . 20 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240420002605/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/04/18/world/israel-iran-gaza-war-news/satellite-imagery-shows-that-a-precision-attack-damaged-an-air-defense-system-at-an-iranian-base . live .
  71. News: Fassihi . Farnaz . Bergman . Ronen . 2024-04-20 . Israeli Weapon Damaged Iranian Air Defenses Without Being Detected, Officials Say . 2024-08-05 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  72. Web site: Israel launches strike on Iran, US official says . cnn.com . 19 April 2024 . CNN . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419062838/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-iran-gaza-conflict-news-04-19-24/index.html . live .
  73. Web site: Israel strikes Iran, defense officials confirm . jpost.com . 19 April 2024 . JPost . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419011632/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-797866 . live .
  74. Web site: What we know about Israel's missile attack on Iran . 19 April 2024 . 20 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419181826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68853402.amp . live .
  75. Web site: Iran says no retaliation planned, as both sides seek distance from Isfahan attack . . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419104915/https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-says-no-retaliation-planned-as-both-sides-seek-distance-from-isfahan-attack/ . live .
  76. Web site: Nic . Robertson . Direct state-to-state strikes between Israel and Iran are "over," says regional intelligence source . . 19 April 2024 . Jerusalem . en . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419090654/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-iran-gaza-conflict-news-04-19-24/h_b3be04c2f747ec45fc2a338bbc768cf6 . live .
  77. Web site: Israel, Iran ready to de-escalate -- for now: analysts . france24.com . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024.
  78. Web site: Hezbollah says top commander Fuad Shukr killed in Israeli strike on Beirut . 31 July 2024 . Al Jazeera.
  79. Web site: 1 August 2024 . Iranian Military Advisor Martyred in Israeli Raid on Beirut . .
  80. Web site: Israel says its Beirut strike killed Hezbollah's top military commander, who it blames for Golan Heights attack. Qiblawi. Tamara. Michaelis. Tamar. Kennedy. Niamh. Said-Moorhouse. Lauren. 30 July 2024. CNN.
  81. Web site: Sewell . Abby . 2024-07-31 . Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh is killed in Iran by an alleged Israeli strike, threatening escalation . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240731032026/https://apnews.com/article/iran-hamas-israel-30968a7acb31cd8b259de9650014b779 . 2024-07-31 . 2024-07-31 . Associated Press.
  82. News: Al-Mughrabi . Nidal . Hafezi . Parisa . 2024-07-31 . Hamas chief Ismail Haniyeh killed in Iran, Hamas says . 2024-08-02 . Reuters.
  83. Web site: Iran and Hezbollah attack on Israel imminent, Blinken tells G7: Report . 2024-08-05 . . en . US says seeking to limit attacks and response, urges G7 allies to use diplomatic pressure to try to avert regional war..
  84. Web site: Lillis . Katie Bo . Sciutto . Jim . Williams . Michael . Bertrand . Natasha . Biden, Harris meet with national security team as US watches for Iranian retaliation . . 5 August 2024.
  85. Web site: 2024-08-05 . Biden convening national security team as tensions flare between Israel and Iran . 2024-08-06 . . en.
  86. News: Saskya Vandoorne . Teele Rebane . Sophie Tanno . Zeena Saifi . Lucas Lilieholm . Alireza Hajihosseini . Foreign citizens urged to leave Lebanon 'as soon as possible' as regional tensions spike . . 5 August 2024.
  87. News: Mendoza . Diego . World governments urge citizens to leave Lebanon as fears of Israel-Hezbollah war grow . . 4 August 2024.
  88. News: Hafezi . Parisa . Bassam . Laila . Azhari . Timour . Putin asks Iran to avoid civilian casualties in Israel response, sources say . . 6 August 2024.
  89. News: U.S. To Send More Combat Aircraft and Warships to Middle East, Officials Say . The New York Times . Schmitt . Eric . Cooper . Helene . 3 August 2024 . 3 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240803163943/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/02/world/middleeast/us-iran-israel-aircraft.html . live .
  90. Web site: U.S. deploys 12 warships in Middle East amid rising tensions . . . 1 August 2024 . 1 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240801175326/https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/528303/World/Region/US-deploys--warships-in-Middle-East-amid-rising-te.aspx . live .
  91. Web site: US deploys 12 warships to Middle East . 1 August 2024 . 4 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240804101940/https://news.az/news/us-deploys-12-warships-to-middle-east . live .
  92. News: Plucinska . Joanna . Jordan Asks Airlines to Carry Extra Fuel Amid Iran-Israel Tension . . . 5 August 2024.
  93. News: Garg . Moohita Kaur . Iranian attack on Israel looming? Tehran issues NOTAM, urges aircraft to change their routes . . 5 August 2024.
  94. Web site: 16 April 2024 . Israeli strikes in Lebanon kill three including Hezbollah commander, sources say . 24 April 2024 . Reuters.
  95. News: Christou . William . 20 September 2024 . 'We are isolated, tired, scared': pager attack leaves Lebanon in shock . 22 September 2024 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077 . 23 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240923020749/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/20/we-are-isolated-tired-scared-pager-attack-leaves-lebanon-in-shock . live .
  96. Web site: 22 September 2024 . IDF retaliates after Hezbollah's deepest attack yet: Over 140 rockets, six wounded . 22 September 2024 . The Jerusalem Post . en . 23 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240923020752/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-821184 . live .
  97. Web site: At least 45 killed in Israeli strike on suburb in Lebanon's Beirut . 2024-09-21 . Al Jazeera . en.
  98. Web site: Usaid Siddiqui . Farah Najjar . Deadly Israeli attacks on Lebanon and Gaza continue despite world warnings . 26 September 2024 . Al Jazeera . en.
  99. Web site: 23 September 2024 . Israel strikes Beirut suburb as thousands flee southern Lebanon . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240923062041/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240923-%F0%9F%94%B4-israeli-military-launches-fresh-strikes-on-hezbollah-in-lebanon-urges-civilians-to-evacuate . 23 September 2024 . 23 September 2024 . France 24.
  100. Web site: 'We're already at war', Lebanese minister says – as he warns of 'catastrophic' number of casualties from Israeli airstrikes . 27 September 2024 . Sky News . en.
  101. Web site: AFP . Hezbollah Confirms Leader Nasrallah's Death . 28 September 2024 . Barron's . en-US .
  102. Web site: 28 September 2024 . Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike . 28 September 2024 . AP News . en . 28 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240928081831/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-airstrikes-28-september-2024-c4751957433ff944c4eb06027885a973 . live .
  103. News: Israel Targets Hezbollah Chief Nasrallah in Massive Beirut Strike; Israeli Officials Estimate 300 Killed . 27 September 2024 . Haaretz . 27 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240927213902/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-09-27/ty-article/.premium/israel-targets-hezbollah-chief-nasrallah-in-massive-beirut-strike/00000192-34e9-d8e1-a196-7def58cf0000 . live .
  104. Web site: 28 September 2024 . IRGC deputy commander killed in Israeli strikes on Beirut – Iranian media . 28 September 2024 . . en . 28 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240928134935/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-822221 . live .
  105. News: Iran Projects Caution After Israeli Strikes Against Hezbollah . The New York Times . Farnaz . Fassihi . 29 September 2024 . 29 September 2024 . 29 September 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240929043128/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/29/world/middleeast/iran-hezbollah-israel-nasrallah.html/ . live .
  106. News: Ravid . Barak . Barak Ravid . 25 October 2024 . Israel launches retaliatory attack against Iran . Axios.
  107. News: 25 October 2024 . Explosions heard in Iran's Tehran and nearby Karaj, state media say . Reuters.
  108. Web site: Lee . Deva . Magramo . Kathleen . Edwards . Christian . Hammond . Elise . Powwel . Tori B. . Sangal . Aditi . 2024-10-25 . Several explosions heard in Tehran, Iranian state media say: Live updates . 2024-10-25 . CNN . en.
  109. New York Times, "Live Updates: Israel Launches Airstrikes Against Iran in Retaliatory Attack" 25 October 2024
  110. Web site: ارتش اسرائیل: با دستورالعمل رده‌های سیاسی به طور دقیق به اهداف نظامی در ایران حمله می‌کنیم . 2024-10-25 . ایران اینترنشنال . fa.
  111. News: 25 October 2024 . Explosions heard in Iran, Syria as Middle East braces for Israeli retaliation . Reuters.
  112. Web site: 2024-10-24 . Israel strikes Damascus, military site near Homs, Syrian defense says . 2024-10-25 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . en.
  113. Web site: Fabian . Emanuel . 31 October 2024 . Iranian leader Khamenei said to order reprisal attack on Israeli military sites . timesofisrael.com.
  114. Web site: 1 November 2024 . Iran preparing strike on Israel from Iraqi territory within days, Axios reports . reuters.com.
  115. Web site: 3 November 2024 . Report: Israel warns Baghdad it may target Iran-backed militia; Tehran attempting to transfer missiles to Iraq . timesofisrael.com.
  116. Web site: In UN letter, Israel threatens Iraq with retaliation: Iraq responsible for armed faction activities . 2024-11-25 . Shafaq News . en.
  117. Web site: 19 November 2024 . Israel letter to UN ‘pretext for aggression’ on Iraq: Baghdad . middleeastmonitor.com.
  118. Web site: Iraq warns of “serious” security threats from Israel: Will firmly respond to aggression . 2024-11-25 . Shafaq News . en.
  119. https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/middle-east/article/15071129

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