2023 Paraguayan general election explained

General elections were held in Paraguay on 30 April 2023 to elect the president, vice president, National Congress, and departmental governors.^[1] The incumbent president Mario Abdo Benítez and vice president Hugo Velázquez Moreno, both of the Colorado Party, were ineligible for re-election.

The Colorado candidate, former Finance Minister Santiago Peña, defeated both PLRA president Efraín Alegre from the Concertación alliance and former senator Paraguayo Cubas from the populist National Crusade Party. The election marked another victory for the long-dominant Colorado Party, which also won the majority of congressional and governor races. Both Peña and the vice president-elect Pedro Alliana were set to take office on 15 August 2023.

Electoral system

The president of Paraguay is elected in one round of voting by plurality.^[2] The 80 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by closed list proportional representation in 18 multi-member constituencies, based on the departments.^[3] The 45 members of the Senate are elected from a single national constituency using closed list proportional representation.^[4]

Candidates

List!scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2"

Ticket	Candidates
President	Vice President
1			Santiago Peña[5]	Pedro Alliana
3		Concertación for a New Paraguay	Efraín Alegre[6]	Soledad Núñez[7]
7		National Union of Ethical Citizens	Jorge Humberto Gómez	Noelia Núñez
10		New Republic Movement	[8]	Jorge Querey
14		Humanist and Solidary Movement	Juan Félix Romero	Catalina Ramírez
15		Unámonos National Party	Luis Talavera	Celso Álvarez
21		Party of the Youth	José Luis Chilavert[9]	Sofia Scheid
23		Green Party Paraguay	Óscar Cañete	Luis Wilfrido Arce
30		National Party of the People 30A	Prudencio Burgos	Leona Guaraní
33		Citizen Patriotic Coordinator Movement	Alfredo Machuca	Justina Noguera
45		Herederos Democratic Socialist Party	Rosa Bogarín	Herminio Lesme
777		Únete Paraguay	Aurelio Martínez Cabral	David Sánchez N.
911		National Crusade	Paraguayo Cubas	Stilber Valdez
Source: TREP

Campaign

The campaign issues included Paraguay's relationship with Taiwan, allegations of corruption, and the state of the economy. Santiago Peña was supportive of maintaining ties with Taiwan, whereas Efraín Alegre criticized the country's ties to Taiwan and argued for opening up relations with China.

Peña previously ran in the 2017 Colorado presidential primaries but had lost to Mario Abdo Benítez, who went on to win the 2018 presidential election against Alegre. Peña was an economist at Paraguay's central bank before joining the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. He was described to Reuters as "clean-cut", "decent", and having "good ideas". Peña is a protégé of former president Horacio Cartes, who has been sanctioned by the United States due to being "significantly corrupt".^[10] Peña pledged to pursue "business friendly" policies, including a focus on job creation, low taxation, and attracting foreign investment into the country. Peña stated he would preserve relations with Taiwan and would move the country's embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem,^[11] a move previously made by Cartes in 2018, but reversed by Abdo Benítez later that year.^[12]

Alegre previously ran for president in the 2013 and 2018 general elections. He campaigned by criticizing the Colorado Party and accusing them of corruption.^[13] Alegre pledged to reassess the country's relationship with Taiwan, with a preference towards establishing diplomatic ties with China, with the goal of Paraguay gaining access to China's market for cattle and soy. Alegre pledged to cut public sector red tape and proposed a "new energy policy" with a focus on the Itaipu Dam and Yacyretá Dams (shared with Brazil and Argentina respectively), stating that Paraguay should utilize the energy generated for national development, rather than sell the power.

Populist, anti-establishment candidate Paraguayo "Payo" Cubas is a former senator, who described himself as a "romantic, republican and nationalist anarchist". Cubas was expelled from the Senate on 28 November 2019 following an incident in Alto Paraná Department that included the assault of police officers, damage to public property and calling for the killing of "100,000 brasiguayos", Paraguayans of Brazilian descent, leading to his impeachment from the senate.^{[14] [15] [16]} He campaigned to introduce the death penalty in specific cases, such as femicide, child rape, drug trafficking, parricide, murder in cases of robbery, and stealing from the Treasury, which would require a modification to Paraguay's constitution.^[17] Cubas proposed involving the Armed Forces of Paraguay in the government, and expanding the powers of the president over those of the parliament, describing the latter as a "den of thugs".^[17] Cubas has been likened by Leandro Lima of Control Risks to other right-wing populist figures from the Americas, including Donald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, and Javier Milei.^[18]

Opinion polls

Opinion polling in the 2023 Paraguayan general election

Polling Firm	Publishment Date	Santiago Peña	Efraín Alegre	Euclides Acevedo	José Luis Chilavert	Paraguayo Cubas	Others	Don't know	None
AtlasIntel[19]	25 April 2023	32.8%		3.0%	1.2%	23.0%	1.4%	1.9%	2.4%
Datos[20]	10 April 2023	35.5%		1.9%		12.6%	0.9%		8.5%
AtlasIntel[21]	5 April 2023	36.4%		2.8%	2.1%	14.5%	1.1%	3.5%	1.5%
AtlasIntel[22]	15 March 2023	36.1%		2.7%	2.9%	14.3%	0.9%	4.2%	0.8%
FaSaC Consultores[23]	10 March 2023		32.1%	6.1%	2.1%	13.7%		1.7%	1.5%
GEO[24]	27 February 2023	35.3%		5.8%	0.7%	10.3%		8.2%
Datos[25]	24 February 2023	30.5%		3.3%		10.4%	0.9%	20.1%	1.2%
FaSaC Consultores[26]	20 February 2023		28.3%	9.5%	3.5%	13.9%		2%	1.5%
GEO[27]	20 February 2023	35.2%		6.0%	0.8%	10.4%		9%	8.7%
Ati Snead[28]	6 February 2023		24.9%	6.5%	1.2%	4.2%		9%	8%
OIMA[29]	2 February 2023	bgcolor=		19%	7%	4%	12%		10%	6%

Pre-election polling

Polling Firm!scope="col" rowspan="2"

Fieldwork date	Peña	Velázquez	Alegre	Acevedo	González	Villarejo	Cubas	Martínez	Núñez	Burt	Chilavert	Fleitas	Don't know/ No response	None of the above
FaSaC Consultores	20 September 2022	32.2%		22.1%	4.5%	—		11.8%	—			3.9%		16.1%	9.4%
Ati Snead	8–15 June 2022	23.2%	14.0%	14.3%	9.9%	9.7%	4.3%	2.9%	2.0%	2.0%	1.9%	1.1%	1.0%	9.0%	4.8%
GEO	27 May – 10 June 2022	35.3%		37.5%	—									13.4%	13.8%
			28.2%	37.1%										18.5%	16.3%

Results

President

The presidential election was won by Santiago Peña of the Colorado Party.^{[30] [31]}

Senate

The following table shows the distribution of seats in the Senate.^[32] The status of at least one seat remains in doubt, however, as Rafael "Mbururú" Esquivel, elected for the National Crusade Party, was arrested and charged with child sexual abuse just before the elections.^{[33] [34]}

Elected senators

Name	Party	Alliance	Votes
Antonio Rubén Velázquez Chamorro	National Democratic Consciousness	I Believe	18,485
Arnaldo Samaniego González	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	35,022
Basilio Gustavo Núñez Giménez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	31,631
Blanca Margarita Ovelar de Duarte	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	17,864
Carlos Alcibíades Giménez Díaz	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	33,729
Carlos Núñez Agüero	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	54,498
Celeste Josefina Amarilla de Boccia	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	42,207
Colym Gregorio Soroka Benítez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	29,555
Derlis Ariel Alejandro Osorio Nunes	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	57,361
Derlis Hernán Maidana Zarza	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	76,066
Dionisio Oswaldo Amarilla Guirland	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	24,880
Édgar Idalino López Ruiz	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	63,077
Eduardo Hirohito Nakayama Rojas	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	28,499
Enrique Riera Ecudero	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	23,598
Enrique Salyn Concepción Buzarquis Cáceres	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	125,096
Erico Galeano Segovia	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	27,977
Ernesto Javier Zacarías Irún	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	22,567
Esperanza Martínez de Portillo	Party of Citizen Participation	Guasú Ñemongeta Front	11,735
Éver Federico Villalba Benítez	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	37,734
Gustavo Alfredo Leite Gusinky	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	15,978
Hermelinda Alvarenga de Ortega	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	26,296
Hernán David Rivas Román	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	25,178
José Daniel Oviedo Antúnez	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party	18,100
José Gregorio Ledesma Narváez	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	25,241
Juan Carlos Baruja Fernández	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	71,867
Juan Eudes Afara Maciel	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	21,302
Kattya Mabel González Villanueva	National Encounter Party	Alliance National Encounter	100,155
Líder Santiago Amarilla Ríos	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	24,383
Lilian Graciela Samaniego González	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	54,750
Lourdes Noelia Cabrera Petters	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	22,312
Luis Alberto Pettengill Vacca	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	61,168
Mario Alberto Varela Cardozo	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	47,925
Natalicio Esteban Chase Acosta	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	30,165
Norma Beatriz Aquino Luraghi	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party	12,637
Orlando Penner Durksen	Beloved Fatherland Party	Beloved Fatherland Party	14,185
Óscar Rubén Salomón Fernández	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	56,504
Patrick Paul Kemper Thiede	Hagamos Political Party	Alliance National Encounter	7,315
Pedro Alejandro Díaz Verón	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	23,059
Rafael Augusto Filizzola Serra	Progressive Democratic Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	28,251
Rafael Esquivel	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party	51,443
Ramona Yolanda Paredes	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party	141,102
Regina Lizarella Valiente Cabrera	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	56,047
Sergio Roberto Rojas Sosa	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Senators for the Homeland Alliance	71,072
Silvio Adalberto Ovelar Benítez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	282,237
Zenaida Concepción Delgado Benítez	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party	12,859
Source: TSJE

Chamber of Deputies

The following table shows the distribution of seats in the Chamber of Deputies.^[35]

Elected deputies

Name	Party	Alliance	Department	Votes
Adrián Darío Vaesken Vázquez	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Alliance for the Homeland		11,856
Alejandro Darío Aguilera Elizaur	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		16,507
Alejo Ríos Medina	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Coalition for a New Paraguay		22,716
Ariel Villagra Sosa	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Departmental Coalition for a New San Pedro	San Pedro	17,543
Arnaldo Agustín Valdez Noguera	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Misiones Departamental Coalition 2023		14,066
Arturo René Urbieta Cuevas	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Concepción	17,084
Avelino Dávalos Estigarribia	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Caazapá	28,923
Benjamín Cantero Ramírez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		13,579
Bettina Rosmary Aguilera Paniagua	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		27,250
Carlos Alberto Núñez Salinas	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		27,242
Carlos Alberto Pereira Rieve	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Itapúa Departmental Coalition 2023		25,134
Carlos Marcial Godoy García	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		13,815
Carlos María Arrechea Ortiz	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		31,587
Carlos María López López	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Coalition for a New Paraguay		16,991
Carmen de Jesús Giménez de Ovando	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	San Pedro	20,773
César Ladislao Cerini Benítez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		13,865
Christian Gabriel Brunaga Rotela	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		22,342
Cleto Marcelino Giménez Giménez	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Canideyú Alliance		10,534
Dalía Marlene Estigarribia	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Alliance for the Homeland		26,506
Daniel Fernando Centurión González	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Distrito Capital	26,778
Del Pilar Vázquez Cabrera	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Itapúa Departmental Coalition 2023	Itapúa	19,194
Derlis Manuel Rodríguez Báez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		23,982
Diego Crispín Candia Melgarejo	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		15,083
Diosnel Aguilera Rojas	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	All Together Alliance for Ñeembucú		12,486
Édgar Gustavo Olmedo Silva	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		22,850
Édgar Milciades Chávez Brizuela	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		25,071
Emilio Pavón Doldán	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Coalition for a New Paraguay	Concepción	14,334
Enrique Antonio Concepción Buzarquis Cáceres	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Coalition for a New Paraguay		19,892
Esteban Martín Samaniego Álvarez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		24,199
Eulalio Gomes	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		20,290
Francisco Osvaldo Manuel Petersen Veiluva	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		10,443
Germán Solinger Santander	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		22,200
Gloria María Johana Vega Insfrán	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		24,035
Graciela Aguilera Ruiz Díaz	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Coalition for a New Paraguay	Cordillera	19,587
Guillermo Ariel Rodríguez Duré	National Democratic Consciousness			23,414
Héctor Rubén Figueredo Notario	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		23,421
Hilda María del Rocío Vallejo Ávalos	Beloved Fatherland Party	Beloved Fatherland Party	Distrito Capital	20,317
Hugo Joel Meza	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Cordillera	26,895
Jatar Eduardo Fernández Safuán	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party		21,557
Jazmín Narváez Osorio	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		37,541
Johanna Paola Ortega Ghiringhelli	Party for a Country of Solidarity	Alliance for Asunción Deputies	Distrito Capital	13,864
Jorge Ramón Ávalos Mariño	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Alliance for a New Paraguarí		18,115
Jorge Sebastián Barressi Mancia	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	San Pedro	19,736
José Domingo Adorno Mazacotte	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		5,632
José Ramón Rodríguez Maciel	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Distrito Capital	17,109
Juan Manuel Añazco Vera	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		53,534
Juan Ramón Maciel Merlo	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Caazapá	17,569
Leidy Paola Galeano Chávez	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party		13,939
Leonardo Saíz Arce	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	San Pedro	26,645
Liz Cristina Acosta Brítez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		24,559
Luis Federico Benítez Cuevas	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		24,196
Luis Federico Franco Alfaro	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Alliance for the Homeland		22,748
Luis María González Vaesken	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		26,371
Marcelo Rafael Salinas González	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Alliance for the Homeland		34,041
María Constancia Benítez de Benítez	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Alliance for a New Guairá		20,032
María Cristina Villalba de Abente	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		23,137
María Ida Cattebeke de Ortiz	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		10,628
María Rocío Abed de Zacarías	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		21,017
Mauricio Fabián Espínola Núñez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Distrito Capital	22,607
Miguel Ángel del Puerto Silva	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		26,053
Miguel Martínez Núñez	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party		15,599
Néstor David Castellano Escobar	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		17,684
Orlando Gabriel Arévalo Zielanko	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		21,293
Pastor Alberto Vera Bejarano	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Departmental Coalition for a New San Pedro	San Pedro	15,915
Patricia Alexandra Zena Oviedo	National Crusade Party	National Crusade Party		13,826
Pedro José Gómez Silva	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Alliance for the Homeland		17,373
Pedro Ortiz Torres	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		12,574
Ramón Juan Manuel Ayala Acevedo	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Authentic Radical Liberal Party		19,822
Raúl Antonio Benítez Talavera	National Encounter Party	Alliance National Encounter		11,788
Raúl Luis Latorre Martínez	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Distrito Capital	50,093
Roberto Eudez González Segovia	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		19,583
Rodrigo Daniel Blanco Amarilla	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Alliance for the Homeland		24,800
Rodrigo Daniel Gamarra Krayacich	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		16,004
Roya Nigsa Torres Báez	Authentic Radical Liberal Party	Coalition for a New Paraguay		15,810
Rubén Antonio Roussillon Blaires	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		18,566
Rubén Isaac Rubín Orrego	Hagamos Political Party	Alliance National Encounter		22,264
Virina Mauricia Villanueva de Peña	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Concepción	25,644
Walter Enrique Harms Céspedes	Colorado Party	Colorado Party		25,903
Walter Hugo García Méndez	National Democratic Consciousness	I Believe		12,663
Yamil Esgaib Mansia	Colorado Party	Colorado Party	Distrito Capital	10,954
Source: TSJE

Departmental governors

Department	Elected governor	Party		Votes	%	Margin	Result
Alto Paraguay	Arturo Méndez	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	7,103	73.14	54.79	Hold
Alto Paraná	César Torres	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	131,233	40.17	9.91	Hold
Amambay	Juancho Acosta	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	34,268	47.02	4.41	Gain
Boquerón	Harold Bergen	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	10,603	38.96	10.73	Hold
Caaguazú	Marcelo Soto	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	113,106	51.77	18.54	Gain
Caazapá	Christian Acosta	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	45,690	62.44	35.74	Hold
	Nelson Martínez	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	46,094	57.65	32.15	Hold
Central	Ricardo Estigarribia		National Coalition	342,716	39.90	2.44	Gain
Concepción	Liz Meza	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	44,298	45.47	0.03	Gain
Cordillera	Denis Lichi	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	71.712	46.08	3.62	Gain
Guairá	Cesarito Sosa	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	64,521	62.82	37.58	Hold
Itapúa	Javier Pereira		National Coalition	101,273	44.86	5.37	Gain
Misiones	Richard Ramírez	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	40,316	58.61	24.35	Hold
Ñeembucú	Víctor Hugo Forneron	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	27,030	56.07	21.71	Hold
Paraguarí	Norma Zárate de Monges	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	71,868	59.39	32.96	Hold
Presidente Hayes	Bernardo Zárate	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	29,528	57.75	30.30	Hold
San Pedro	Freddy D. Ecclesiis	bgcolor=Red		Colorado	83,852	51.54	18.36	Hold
TREP

Aftermath

Peña was congratulated by outgoing president Mario Abdo Benítez, and presidents Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Alberto Fernández of Brazil and Argentina, respectively.^[36] Peña also received congratulations from the Taiwanese ambassador in Asunción on behalf of Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen. Both Peña and his running mate Pedro Alliana were sworn in on 15 August 2023. At the age of 44, he will become the country's youngest president since the restoration of democracy in 1989, surpassing Abdo Benítez's record, who was 46 years old when he became president in 2018.

Cubas made allegations of electoral fraud, leading to protests by his supporters. He dubbed members of the Colorado Party "thieves" and called on citizens to resist the "usurpers". Election observers from the Organization of American States stated there was "no reason to doubt" the results of the election.^[37] Protesters set up roadblocks and clashed with police, resulting in 70 arrests following protests outside of the electoral court in Asunción.^[38] Alegre, who had conceded the election, called for a manual recount of votes and an international audit following the nationwide protests. On 5 May, Cubas was arrested in San Lorenzo, accused of breaching the peace.^[39]

Notes and References

1. Web site: El 30 de abril de 2023 Paraguay elegirá a su nuevo presidente. 2022-02-23. ultimahora.com. 16 December 2021 . es-ES.
2. http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2073/ Paraguay: Election for President
3. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2249_B.htm Chamber of Deputies: Electoral system
4. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2250_B.htm Senate: Electoral system
5. Web site: La Nación / Santiago Peña confirma su precandidatura para el 2023 como candidato de Honor Colorado . 2023-03-05 . www.lanacion.com.py . es.
6. Web site: Excandidato y exministra buscan candidatura opositora a Presidencia paraguaya . 2023-03-05 . SWI swissinfo.ch . 17 August 2022 . es.
7. Web site: Exministra Soledad Núñez oficializa su candidatura presidencial – Nacionales – ABC Color . 2023-03-05 . www.abc.com.py . es.
8. Web site: Euclides deja la Cancillería y se suma a la carrera presidencial . 2023-03-05 . ultimahora.com . 29 April 2022 . es-ES.
9. Web site: La Nación / Chilavert confirma candidatura a presidencia en el 2023 . 2023-03-05 . www.lanacion.com.py . es.
10. Web site: 22 July 2022. US places former Paraguayan president on corruption list. May 3, 2023. Associated Press.
11. News: Who is Paraguay's president-elect, Santiago Pena? . 3 May 2023 . Al Jazeera . 1 May 2023 . en.
12. News: Outcry from Israel after Paraguay moves its Jerusalem embassy back to Tel Aviv . 2018-09-05 . The Guardian . 2023-03-05.
13. News: Desantis . Daniela . Elliott . Lucinda . Paraguay's Efrain Alegre went from jail to presidential run . 3 May 2023 . Reuters . 26 April 2023 . en.
14. News: Expulsan a "Payo" Cubas del Senado . "Payo" Cubas is expelled from the Senate . ABC Color . 28 November 2019 . 3 May 2023 . es.
15. News: Senado expulsa a Paraguayo Cubas tras incidentes con policías . Senate expels Paraguayo Cubas after incidents with police . Última Hora . 28 November 2019 . 3 May 2023 . es.
16. News: Zanini . Fábio . Paraguayan Senator Is Impeached after Advocating Death of Brazilians . 3 May 2023 . Folha de S.Paulo . 29 November 2019.
17. News: Payo Cubas a favor de la pena de muerte "al que roba el erario público" . 3 May 2023 . Ñanduti . 20 April 2023 . es.
18. News: del Berro . Paloma . Payo, el Milei paraguayo, aprendiz de Bolsonaro . 3 May 2023 . Tiempo Argentino . 30 April 2023 . es.
19. Web site: AtlasIntel. 25 April 2023. Paraguay. Encuesta Atlas – Elecciones Paraguay 2023.
20. Web site: Datos. 10 April 2023. Paraguay. Paraguay: el opositor Efraín estira la ventaja sobre los colorados a dos semanas de las presidenciales.
21. Web site: AtlasIntel. 5 April 2023. Paraguay. Encuesta Atlas – Elecciones Paraguay 2023.
22. Web site: AtlasIntel. 15 March 2023. Paraguay. Encuesta Atlas – Elecciones Paraguay 2023.
23. Web site: La Nación. 10 March 2023. Paraguay. Santiago Peña gana la primera encuesta de marzo.
24. Web site: El Independiente. 27 February 2023. Paraguay. Alegre saca ventaja a Peña en encuesta.
25. Web site: La Política Online. 24 February 2023. Paraguay. Encuesta: la izquierda paraguaya se ubica tres puntos arriba del candidato de Cartes. es.
26. News: La Nación. 20 February 2023. Peña también gana en todas las encuestas de febrero. es.
27. Web site: Ñanduti. 20 February 2023. Hay una diferencia del 3.7% a favor de Efraín Alegre por sobre Santi Peña segun encuestadora GEO. es.
28. News: La Nación. 6 February 2023. Latorre lidera encuesta para la diputación por capital. es.
29. News: La Nación. 2 February 2023. Peña, con más de 20 puntos por encima de Alegre, lidera preferencia electoral. es.
30. News: Elliott . Lucinda . Desantis . Daniela . 2023-05-01 . Paraguay's conservatives score big election win, defusing Taiwan fears . en . . 2023-05-02.
31. Web site: 2023-05-01 . Santiago Pena wins Paraguay election after hard-fought campaign . 2023-05-02 . . en.
32. Web site: Estos son los 45 senadores electos para el periodo legislativa 2023–2028. es. 30 April 2023.
33. Web site: Mbururú se expone a 15 años de cárcel por abuso en niños: ¿Qué pasará con el senador electo?. 2023-05-02. Última Hora. es. 2023-05-01.
34. Web site: Un candidato paraguayo que fue electo senador está preso e imputado por abuso sexual a una menor. Infobae. 1 May 2023. 2 May 2023.
35. Web site: El Partido Colorado tendrá 49 representantes en Cámara de Diputados. es.
36. News: Elliott . Lucinda . Desantis . Daniela . Paraguay's conservatives score big election win, defusing Taiwan fears . 3 May 2023 . Reuters . 1 May 2023 . en.
37. News: Amid protests, authorities uphold legitimacy of Paraguay election . 4 May 2023 . Al Jazeera . 3 May 2023 . en.
38. News: Sáenz . Jorge . Politi . Daniel . Paraguay: Populist candidate fires up protesters after vote . 3 May 2023 . Toronto Star . The Associated Press . 2 May 2023 . en.
39. Web site: Paraguay far-right populist presidential candidate arrested . AP News . Daniel . Politi . Buenos Aires . 5 May 2023 . 5 May 2023.