2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt explained

2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt
Partof:the Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)
Date:7 December 2022
Place:Lima, Peru
Causes:
Result:Presidential defeat
Combatant1: President of Peru
Combatant2: Congress of Peru
Constitutional Court of Peru
Armed Forces of Peru
National Police of Peru
First Vice President of Peru
Council of Ministers
Supreme Court of Peru
National Board of Justice
Supporting Parties:
Commander1:Pedro Castillo----Aníbal Torres
Commander2:José Williams----Dina Boluarte

On 7 December 2022, Pedro Castillo, the then-President of Peru, made an attempt to dissolve the Congress amidst looming removal proceedings. This move included the immediate imposition of a curfew, an attempt to establish an emergency government, and a call for the formation of a constituent assembly.[1] [2] Prior to this, Attorney General Patricia Benavides had accused Castillo of leading a criminal organization, a claim that contravened Article 117 of the Constitution of Peru.[3] She had urged the Congress to remove him from office, leading to the third removal attempt against Castillo.[4] [5] [6] Castillo defended his actions by arguing that the Congress, which had obstructed many of his policies,[7] [8] was serving oligopolistic businesses and had colluded with the Constitutional Court to undermine the executive branch, thereby creating a "congressional dictatorship".[9] He also advocated for the immediate election of a constituent assembly, a demand that had been echoed since the 2020 Peruvian protests.[10]

However, Castillo's decision to dissolve Congress led to a wave of resignations from his government. The Peruvian Armed Forces also declined to support his actions.[11] [12] On the same day, Castillo was removed and ceased to be president after the Constitutional Court rejected his dissolution of Congress.[13] [14] [15] Vice President Dina Boluarte was sworn in as the new president later that day.[16] In the aftermath of Castillo's removal, his supporters initiated nationwide protests demanding his release and Boluarte's resignation. The Boluarte government responded by declaring a national state of emergency on 14 December, massacring protesters,[17] and suspending some constitutional protections for 30 days.[18] [19] Castillo was subsequently placed in pre-trial detention for 18 months on charges of rebellion and conspiracy,[20] [21] with an additional 36 months of detention for alleged corruption during his administration.[22] [23]

In a controversial move, the Constitutional Court, whose members were elected by Congress in a questionable manner, removed judicial oversight from Congress, effectively granting the legislative body absolute control over the government.[24] [25] [26] Castillo maintained that two contentious votes of confidence between his former Prime Minister Aníbal Torres and Congress provided a legal basis for dissolving the legislative body.[27] However, this claim was disputed by a Constitutional Court ruling, which stated that only Congress could interpret whether a motion of confidence had occurred, thereby consolidating more power in the hands of Congress.[28] This event was widely characterized as an attempted coup d'état by Peruvian politicians, the Constitutional Court, Peruvian media, and some international news organizations,[29] drawing comparisons to the autogolpe of Alberto Fujimori during the 1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état.[30] [31]

Representatives of many foreign countries, including Spain, United States,[32] Brazil, Uruguay and the secretary-general of the Organization of American States rejected Castillo's actions and described them as an attempt to break the constitutional order. According to an poll, 53% of respondents disagreed with his attempt to dissolve Congress, while 44% of participants agreed.[33] Supporters of Castillo said that a soft coup was perpetrated by Congress against him.[34] [35] Some governments of Latin America, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras and Mexico, responded to the crisis by refusing to recognize the Boluarte government and viewing Castillo as president. Castillo has also continued to consider himself as the legal president of Peru.[36]

Background

Congressional obstruction

During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martín Vizcarra, the Congress was dominated by the opposition Popular Force, the party created by the daughter of the former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori, and opposed many of the actions performed by the presidents.[37] [38] [39] The political legacy of the Fujimori family was assumed by Keiko.[40] During their majority in congress, Fujimorists "earned a reputation as hardline obstructionists for blocking initiatives popular with Peruvians aimed at curbing the nation’s rampant corruption".[41] Following the 2021 Peruvian general election, a significant bloc of right wing parties, including Go on Country, Popular Force and Popular Renewal, exercised significant influence in Congress.[42]

Constitutional crisis and removal of presidents

See main article: 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis. In the Constitution of Peru, the executive branch can dissolve congress after a second vote of no-confidence.[43] [44] Under former president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Congress held a no-confidence vote on 15 September 2017, resulting in the collapse of his cabinet,[45] the first vote of no-confidence by the current congressional body. President Kuczynski would later face impeachment in December 2017 and March 2018 due to his admitted involvement with Odebrecht during the Operation Car Wash scandal.[46] Following the release of the Kenjivideos reportedly showing Kuczynski making deals with opposition politicians to avoid impeachment votes, President Kuczynski resigned.[47]

Martín Vizcarra, Kuczynski's first vice president, then assumed office in March 2018. President Vizcarra enacted a constitutional process on 29 May 2019 that would create a motion of no confidence towards Congress if they refused to cooperate with his proposed actions against corruption.[48] For the next four months, Congress delayed bills targeting corruption and postponed general elections proposed by Vizcarra. On 30 September 2019, the President of the Council of Ministers, Salvador del Solar, set forth a vote of confidence before the Congress for refusing to pass a bill that modified the election process of judges of the Constitutional Court. The vote of confidence sought to stop the election of magistrates, modify the Organic Law of the Constitutional Court and the designation of the tribunes. However, the Plenary Session of Congress decided to continue with the election of magistrates, and ignored the vote of confidence presented by Del Solar, naming a new member to the Constitutional Court.[49] Many of the Constitutional Court nominees selected by Congress were alleged to be involved in corruption.[50] Notwithstanding the affirmative vote, Vizcarra stated that the appointment of a new member of the Constitutional Court and an ignoring of the confidence motion constituted a de facto vote of no confidence in the government, which would be the second of the legislative term.[49] These actions by Congress, as well as the months of slow progress towards anti-corruption reforms, pushed Vizcarra to dissolve the legislative body on 30 September, with Vizcarra stating "Peruvian people, we have done all we could."[49] Shortly after Vizcarra announced the dissolution of Congress, the legislative body refused to recognize the president's actions, declared Vizcarra as suspended from the presidency, and named Vice President Mercedes Aráoz as the interim president, moves that were largely seen as null and void.[49] By the night of 30 September, Peruvians gathered outside of the Legislative Palace to protest against Congress and demand the removal of legislators[49] while the heads of the Armed Forces met with Vizcarra, announcing that they still recognized him as president and head of the armed forces.[51] On 14 January 2020, the Constitutional Court ruled that the dissolution of Congress by Vizcarra under the given rationale was legal.[52] Snap legislative elections were held on 26 January, with Keiko Fujimori's Popular Force party losing its majority in Congress and most of its seats.

Months later, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, President Vizcarra was impeached in September 2020 though not removed, later being controversially removed from office a month later. Thousands of citizens then gathered in protests against Vizcarra's impeachment.[53] Manuel Merino, who succeeded him as president the following day, resigned on 15 November.[54] Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on 16 November and thus succeeded Merino as president on 17 November per the presidential line of succession, since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Aráoz in May 2020.[55] [56]

Castillo presidency

Sagasti served as president until Castillo was elected in the 2021 general election, with Keiko Fujimori losing her third consecutive presidential bid. The 2021 election saw many right-wing candidates elected to the congress.[9] [57] [58]

Attempts to remove Castillo

Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred, beginning shortly after election results were determined. Following reports of Castillo's apparent victory, Fujimori and her supporters made claims of electoral fraud, leading obstructionist efforts to overturn the election with support of citizens in Lima.[59] [60] [61] [62] [63] Many business groups and politicians refused to recognize Castillo's ascent to the presidency, with those among the more affluent, including former military officers and wealthy families, demanded new elections, promoted calls for a military coup, and used rhetoric to support their allegations of fraud.[59]

Following the 2021 election, audio recordings deemed Vladi-audios were leaked revealing that Vladimiro Montesinos was allegedly involved in at least 17 landline phone calls while imprisoned at the Peruvian Navy's CEREC maximum security prison in an effort to prevent Castillo from entering office and to protect Keiko Fujimori from being imprisoned.[64] [65] [66] In one reported audio, Montesinos mentions a first plan to have Fujimori's husband go to the United States embassy in Lima to present "documentation of the fraud" to the Office of Regional Affairs and Central Intelligence Agency, with Montesinos allegedly saying he already contacted the embassy, that the documents would reach President Joe Biden and that his administration would condemn the election as interference from Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, subsequently giving Fujimori's claims of fraud more weight.[58] [67] Right-wing politicians in Peru downplayed the audios of Montesinos.[65] According to IDL-Reporteros, the Navy of Peru was involved in a "lie" when issuing their joint statement, saying that Montesinos was only involved in two phone calls, with IDL asking "How could you not notice the 17 calls and 12 conversations at CEREC, at the Naval Base of the institution with the greatest development in electronic intelligence within the Armed Forces?".[66]

In October 2021, the website El Foco released recordings revealing that leaders of the manufacturing employers' organization National Society of Industries, the leader of the Union of Multimodal Transport Guilds of Peru (UGTRANM), Geovani Rafael Diez Villegas, political leaders, and other business executives planned various actions, including funding transportation strikes in November 2021, to destabilize the Castillo government and prompt his removal.[68] [69] Far-right groups of former soldiers also allied with political parties like Go on Country – Social Integration Party, Popular Force, and Popular Renewal in an effort to remove Castillo, with some veteran leaders seen directly with Rafael López Aliaga and Castillo's former presidential challenger Keiko Fujimori, who signed the Madrid Charter promoted by the Spanish far-right political party Vox. These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists, whilst also calling for a coup d'état and insurgency.

Impeachment attempts

See main article: Third impeachment of Pedro Castillo. From the beginning of his presidency, Castillo was targeted by Congress, dominated by the opposition right-wing parties,[70] whom made it clear that they wanted to remove him from office by impeachment. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the Constitution of Peru (1993), Congress can impeach the president on the vague grounds of "moral incapacity",[71] effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch.[72] [73] [74] [75]

In November 2021, four months into Castillo's term, Fujimori announced that her party was pushing forward impeachment proceedings, arguing that Castillo was "morally unfit for office".[76] On 25 November 28 legislators from Fujimori's party presented a signed motion of impeachment to Congress, setting up a vote for opening impeachment proceedings.[77] The impeachment proceeding did not occur, as 76 voted against proceedings, 46 were in favor, and 4 abstained, with the requirement of 52 favoring proceedings not met.[78]

In February 2022, it was reported that Fujimorists and politicians close to Fujimori organized a meeting at the Casa Andina hotel in Lima with the assistance of the German liberal group Friedrich Naumann Foundation, with those present including President of Congress Maricarmen Alva, at which plans to remove Castillo from office were discussed.[79] Alva had already shared her readiness to assume the presidency if Castillo were to be vacated from the position and a leaked Telegram group chat of the board of directors of Congress that she heads revealed plans coordinated to oust Castillo.[80] [81]

A second impeachment attempt related to corruption allegations did make it to proceedings in March 2022.[82] On 28 March 2022, Castillo appeared before Congress calling the allegations baseless and for legislators to "vote for democracy" and "against instability", with 55 voting for impeachment, 54 voting against, and 19 abstaining, thus failing to reach the 87 votes necessary.[83]

Public approval of Castillo steadily declined to a record low 20% approval,[84] as his presidency progressed and protests occurred in early 2022 as a result of increasing prices with crises surrounding the president arising steadily.[85] [86] [87] In October 2022, Attorney General Patricia Benavides declared that President Castillo was the head of a criminal organization and called on Congress to remove him from office, though this act was described as unconstitutional due to its violation of Article 117 of the Constitution of Peru according to constitutional experts.[5] Castillo would respond to the efforts by Benavides and Congress by saying he was not corrupt, stating such acts were "unconstitutional, illegal, unfounded and lack any corroboration" and that a "coup d'état" was in process against him.[88] By December 2022, Congress had begun motions to attempt the impeachment of Castillo for a third time; he was involved with six different criminal investigations and had already named five separate cabinets to serve under him.

Congress replaces Constitutional Court

Congress attempted to nominate members of the Constitutional Court of Peru in the past who would serve their political interests.[89] [90] Attempted reform of the nomination process had already resulted with the 2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis, which saw Congress being dissolved by President Vizcarra. In May 2022, six of seven members of the court were replaced by Congress in a process that lacked transparency.[91] The replacement of the justices resulted with the Constitutional Court serving the interests of Congress. Fifteen members of the United States Congress would later express concerns about reports of the Congress of Peru attempting control governmental institutions through "legislative overreach", specifically noting the nominations of the Constitutional Court.[92]

No-confidence law

In the Constitution of Peru, the executive branch can dissolve Congress after a second vote of no-confidence.[93] Following the election of Castillo, Congress, with the help of the legislator-elected Constitutional Court of Peru, attempted to limit the power of the executive branch by creating a new law that would only allow a question of confidence to be allowed for government policies, not for constitutional law. The Castillo government would argue that this was unconstitutional, though the Constitutional Court would ultimately side with Congress. When Héctor Valer was named Prime Minister of Peru in February 2022, allegations of domestic violence resulted with Congress not giving him a vote of confidence, with Valer arguing that this was in effect a vote of no-confidence.

On 8 November 2022, Prime Minister Aníbal Torres presented a question of confidence regarding the proposed question of confidence law of Congress, though Congress opposed and filed the request. Upon Congress' refusal, Prime Minister Torres would state on 11 November, "We have declared before Parliament a prerogative of the Executive, as is the question of trust. Today we know the answer." Torres would present a second question of confidence on 17 November 2022; this second motion was also rejected by Congress on 24 November and provided an opportunity for Castillo to dissolve Congress according to France 24. This interpretation was later rejected by the Constitutional Court in a May 2023 judgement.[94]

Military involvement

In the day before the attempt to dissolve Congress, Chief of the Joint Command General Manuel Gómez de la Torre held a meeting with the branch heads of the armed forces of Peru.

Attempts to remove Boluarte

For months, opposition politicians attempted to disqualify Boluarte in an effort to assume the presidency upon her removal.[95] On 5 December 2022, just days before Congress was set to vote on impeaching Castillo, a constitutional complaint was filed by the Subcommittee on Constitutional Accusations against Vice President Dina Boluarte, alleging that she operated a private club while she was the Minister of Development.[96] The allegations against Boluarte created the potential for the vice president to face controversy if Castillo were to be impeached.

Timeline of events

Preparations for impeachment

In the weeks before the third impeachment, the media in Peru launched a smear campaign of unsubstantiated claims against President Castillo according to Le Monde diplomatique, with the Latin American Strategic Center for Geopolitics (CELAG) finding that 79% of media articles about Castillo being "negative".[9] On 6 December, it was likely that Congress did not have 87 votes to remove President Castillo from office. President Castillo's attorney, Benji Espinoza, spent the day with the president discussing how to respond to the situation, later stating that during the six hours she spent with him "at no time was the issue of the dissolution of Congress addressed". That same day, Chief of the Joint Command General Manuel Gómez de la Torre held a meeting with the branch heads of the armed forces of Peru.[97] During the meeting, General Gómez de la Torre warned the branch heads of a pending conflict, stating "I am responsible. There are no other orders". Commanding general of the Army of Peru, Wálter Córdova, also submitted his resignation on 6 December, with the submission being approved the next morning.

Dissolution of Congress

On 7 December 2022, Congress was expected to file a motion of censure against Castillo, accusing him of "permanent moral incapacity".[1] Before the legislative body could gather to file its motion, Castillo announced the dissolution of Congress and enacted an immediate curfew.[1] [98] In his speech, Castillo stated:[2] [9] [99]

He then called on individuals possessing illegal weapons to deliver them to the National Police within 72 hours and ordered all troops of the Peruvian Army to remain at their barracks, saying that he did not want clashes between citizens and the military.[2] [100]

Castillo would later explain his actions, saying that he never attempted to subvert Peru's democracy and only sought "to get closer to the people", stating "I took the flag of the Constituent People's Assembly and gave my speech remembering and being faithful to the people who voted for me, who trusted me. ... I wanted to make the political class understand that popular power is the maximum expression of societies. I didn't want to obey the social economic power groups. I wanted to put the people above all else. ... It was my decision. No one else's. I was nervous, but I did it."[36] He would also say that his ministers were unaware of his announcement.[36]

Reactions

Democratic institutions and civil society quickly rejected Castillo's actions,[101] Moments after Castillo's speech, multiple ministers resigned from his government, including Prime Minister Betssy Chávez,[102] Minister of Labor, Minister of the Economy Kurt Burneo, Minister of Foreign Relations César Landa and Minister of Justice .[2] Peru's permanent representatives to the United Nations and to the Organization of American States, Manuel Rodríguez Cuadros and Harold Forsyth, also tendered their resignations.[2] The attorney representing Castillo dropped him as a client, stating: "As a lawyer respectful of the Constitution, I assumed the defense of the President of the Republic presuming his innocence. Since there has been a breach of the constitutional order, I am obliged to irrevocably renounce the defense of citizen Pedro Castillo."[2]

The Constitutional Court released a statement: "No one owes obedience to a usurping government and Mr. Pedro Castillo has made an ineffective coup d'état. The Armed Forces are empowered to restore the constitutional order."[2] The Armed Forces also issued a statement rejecting Castillo's actions and calling for the maintenance of stability in Peru.[12]

According to Anibal Garzon writing for Le Monde, the media in Peru did not report the substance of Castillo's statements, including the rationale for his actions, instead stating that he was attempting a coup.[9]

Resolution

Rejecting Castillo's actions to dissolve the legislative body, Congress gathered and voted to remove Castillo from office due to "moral incapacity" with 101 votes in favor, 6 against and 10 abstentions.[103] It was announced that First Vice President Dina Boluarte, who rejected Castillo's actions, would take her oath of office for the presidency at 3:00 pm PET.

President Castillo then fled the Government Palace and contacted president of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador, raising concerns about political asylum.[104] According to President López Obrador, it was likely that Castillo's phone was tapped by Peruvian intelligence, with the Mexican president reporting that Peruvian authorities entered the grounds of the Mexican embassy to prevent Castillo from entering, though this was not confirmed. Castillo said that he did not seek to leave Peru and only wanted to drop his family off at the Mexican embassy for their safety.[36] Upon learning that Castillo was seeking to enter the Mexican embassy, the general of the PNP learned that his officers were the drivers for Castillo and ordered them to deliver Castillo to the Prefecture where he would be arrested. Individuals gathered outside the Mexican embassy in Lima to block the area upon rumors that Castillo was attempting to flee to seek asylum in Mexico.[105] The PNP officers driving Castillo said that they had to make an emergency detour, later bringing him to the Prefecture where he was greeted by the head of the PNP, who arrested him, in flagrante delicto, for rebellion.[106] [107] [108] [109] [110]

Castillo's vice president Dina Boluarte entered the Legislative Palace shortly after 3:00 pm PET and appeared before Congress, where she was later sworn in as president of Peru.[111] Following Castillo's removal, his supporters started nationwide protests demanding his release and Boluarte's resignation.

Aftermath

While Castillo was detained, he denounced a "Machiavellian plan" against him by the National Prosecutor Patricia Benavides, Congress and his former vice president Boluarte.[112] Some Latin American media organizations linked the events to United States Ambassador to Peru Lisa D. Kenna, a former member of the Central Intelligence Agency.[113] [114] Ambassador Kenna had met with Castillo's defense minister, Gustavo Bobbio, the day before the impeachment vote, raising concerns about the United States being involved in the events. Local media also reported that the President of Congress and former head of the Peruvian armed forces, José Williams, allegedly collaborated with Ambassador Kenna.

IDL-Reporteros reported that the right-wing Congress' approval of President Boluarte was weak since they had previously attempted to disqualify her as well. President Boluarte immediately installed the right-wing leader Pedro Angulo Arana as prime minister.[115] The Prime Minister Angulo faces multiple controversies and is involved in 13 criminal investigations, with serious allegations including sexual harassment of women assistants and supporting the actions of César Hinostroza, who illegally asked for favors from magistrate María Apaza and fled from Peru.[116]

Supporters of Castillo were angered at the actions against the former president, demanding immediate general elections and staging nationwide protests.[117] Protests erupted in violence on 11 December near the southern city of Andahuaylas where demonstrators closed the airport, with police in a helicopter reportedly firing upon protesters, killing two individuals.[118] President Boluarte attempted to appease protests by proposing elections two years early, for April 2024, though Castillo supporters rejected the call while Castillo described such actions as a "dirty game". Congress would reject Boluarte's proposal for early elections.[119] However, congress reconsidered the proposal on 21 December and allowed early elections.[120]

Public opinion

Days before the crisis, a poll by the (IEP) showed that 55% of respondents disagreed with Congress' attempt to remove Castillo from office while 43% agreed.[121] The majority of those supporting Castillo's removal resided in Lima while those disagreeing with his impeachment lived in rural areas. In an IEP poll following Castillo's attempt to dissolve Congress, of respondents, 53% disapproved Castillo's actions, 44% approved and 3% had no opinion or comment, with the majority of support for Castillo's actions being among rural and lower class Peruvians.[33]

After the self-coup attempt, a poll carried out at the national level by Ipsos Perú between 15 and 16 December 2022, showed that 63% of the population disagreed with the coup d'état that Pedro Castillo tried to perpetrate, while 33% agreed and 4% did not provide any response. Likewise, when asked about the reasons that would have led Pedro Castillo to take said measure, 35% indicated that this was due to the fact that the former president "feared that Congress would vote for the vacancy and remove him from office", 29% attribute it because "he wanted to intervenethe Public Prosecutor's Office and the Judiciary to disappear the files that exist against them", 25% believe that "he wanted to convene a Constituent Assembly" and 22% consider that "he wanted to govern by concentrating power, without the Congress".[122]

International reactions

Recognition

International recognition of Boluarte's government has been mixed.

Members of the São Paulo Forum like Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Gabriel Boric of Chile recognize Boluarte. The United States has recognized Boluarte as president. Spain was also in support, championing a return to "constitutional order."[123]

Latin American governments, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela have continued to recognize that Pedro Castillo as the democratically elected President of Peru and refused to recognize Boluarte.[124] [125] [126] Left-wing Latin American leaders such as Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico, Gustavo Petro of Colombia, Alberto Fernández of Argentina, and Luis Arce of Bolivia denounced Boluarte's government as a right wing coup, comparing the situation as similar to ascension of Bolivia's Jeanine Áñez during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. The latter presidents continue to support Pedro Castillo's claims he is the rightful president under a "government of exception."[127] [128]

Statements

The regional countries of Mexico, Bolivia, Colombia and Argentina issued a joint statement recording their view that Castillo is "a victim of undemocratic harassment" and pleaded for maintaining his human and legal rights.[129] [130] [131]

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: 7 December 2022 . Presidente Pedro Castillo disuelve temporalmente el Congreso de Perú . es . . 2022-12-07.
  2. News: Chillitupa Tantas . Rodrigo . 7 December 2022 . Presidente de Perú disuelve Congreso, declara "gobierno de excepción" y llama a elecciones . es . Voz de América . 8 December 2022.
  3. Web site: Vilcarino . Jennifer . 2022-07-27 . A Challenging First Year for Peru's Pedro Castillo . 2024-05-26 . www.as-coa.org . . en . Article 117 [of the Constitution of Peru] states that a sitting president can be accused and impeached for just four transgressions: treason, preventing elections, dissolving Congress, or impeding other electoral processes..
  4. News: Taj . Mitra . Glatsky . Genevieve . 5 December 2022 . He Vowed to Transform Peru. Instead He's Facing His Third Impeachment. . en-US . . limited . 7 December 2022 . 0362-4331.
  5. Web site: Cotos . Henry . 2022-10-12 . Fiscalía de Perú denuncia al presidente Pedro Castillo: Constitucionalistas consideran deficiente la acusación . 2023-05-27 . . es.
  6. Web site: 2022-10-14 . Denuncia presentada por Patricia Benavides fuerza el alcance del artículo 117 de la Constitución, según especialistas . 2023-09-02 . . es.
  7. Web site: Sojo . Giordana García . 2022-07-26 . Un año de intentos destituyentes en Perú . 2023-03-28 . Centro Estratégico Latinoamericano de Geopolítica . es.
  8. News: 2022-11-06 . Peru: Police clash with protesters in capital Lima . en-GB . . 2023-03-28.
  9. Web site: Garzón . Aníbal . 1 January 2023 . Peru's permanent coup . 2023-01-19 . . en.
  10. Web site: 2020-11-19 . Con primera ministra a la cabeza, así es el nuevo gabinete de Francisco Sagasti en Perú . 2023-01-26 . France 24.
  11. News: Aquino . Marco . 7 December 2022 . Peru's Castillo threatens to dissolve Congress as political crisis deepens . en . . 2022-12-07.
  12. News: 8 December 2022 . Pedro Castillo cierra el Congreso, en vivo: disolución, mensaje del presidente y últimas noticias . es-pe . .
  13. News: Pozzebon . Claudia Rebaza,Tara John,Stefano . 7 December 2022 . Peru lawmakers impeach Castillo after he attempts to dissolve Congress . en . CNN . 2022-12-07.
  14. News: 7 December 2022 . Peru's Congress votes to remove president Castillo in impeachment trial . en . Reuters . 8 December 2022.
  15. News: 7 December 2022 . Congresso do Peru destitui presidente que tentou golpe . pt-BR . O Antagonista . 2022-12-07.
  16. News: 7 December 2022 . Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-08.
  17. Web site: Vega . Renzo Gómez . 2022-12-16 . La represión de las protestas y los bloqueos de carreteras causan 20 muertos en Perú . 2022-12-19 . . es . La masacre sucedió en los alrededores del aeropuerto Alfredo Mendívil Duarte.
  18. News: Cano . Regina Garcia . 14 December 2022 . Peru's new government declares police state amid protests . Associated Press . 15 December 2022.
  19. News: 13 December 2022 . Decreto de insurgencia . 10 . Diario Expresión . 14 December 2022 . 14 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214132132/https://www.diarioexpresion.pe/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/INTERIOR_DG_009_2022.pdf . dead .
  20. News: Collyns . Dan . 15 December 2022 . Former Peru president ordered to remain in custody for 18 months as protest death toll rises to 12 . The Guardian . 15 December 2022.
  21. News: Collyns . Dan . 7 December 2022 . Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt . The Guardian . 19 December 2022.
  22. News: Peru's ex-president Castillo gets extended pre-trial detention. The judge in charge of the Supreme Court-led investigation, Juan Carlos Checkley, ordered the three-year pre-trial detention for Castillo 'allegedly being the leader of a criminal organization . 2023-05-15 . . 10 March 2023 . en.
  23. Web site: Peru: Judge orders 36-month pre-trial detention for Pedro Castillo . 2023-05-15 . Andina . 9 March 2023 . en.
  24. Web site: Romero . César . Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial . 2023-03-02 . . 28 February 2023 . es.
  25. Web site: Romero . César . El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país . 2023-03-02 . . 25 February 2023 . es.
  26. Web site: Cárdenas . Abel . 2023-03-05 . Congreso doblega el equilibrio de poderes en medio de la convulsión social en Perú . 2023-03-28 . . es.
  27. Web site: 2022-12-08 . Así se enfrentaron Pedro Castillo y el Congreso de Perú hasta la destitución . 2023-04-23 . France 24.
  28. Web site: Patriau . Enrique . 2023-06-21 . El Tribunal Constitucional altera el equilibrio de poderes con sus decisiones . 2023-07-30 . . es.
  29. Multiple sources:
  30. News: Spinetto . Juan Pablo . 7 December 2022 . Peru Constitutional Court Calls Castillo's Dissolution of Congress a Coup . 8 December 2022 . Bloomberg.com.
  31. News: 7 December 2022 . Pedro Castillo disuelve el Congreso, anuncia que intervendrá el PJ y decreta Estado de Excepción . 8 December 2022 . . es.
  32. News: Collyns . Dan . 2022-12-08 . Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-03-25 . 0261-3077.
  33. Web site: IEP Informe de Opinión – Diciembre 2022 (Informe completo) . 5 August 2023 . .
  34. Web site: 2023-03-08 . 'They treat us like animals': Peru's anti-coup protests explained . 2023-05-01 . . en-US.
  35. Web site: Acuña . Rodrigo . 2022-12-23 . Protests Continue in Peru as Newly Installed Government Cracks Down After Coup . 2023-05-01 . . en-US.
  36. Web site: Zamarrón . Julio . 7 February 2023 . Pedro Castillo: "Me presentan como un monstruo. Soy el presidente del Perú" . 2023-02-25 . . es.
  37. Web site: 24 January 2023 . Democracy Is on the Line in Peru . 2023-01-27 . . en.
  38. Web site: Flannery . Nathaniel Parish . Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? . 2022-12-09 . . en.
  39. Web site: 2021 . The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America . 2022-12-09 . . en-GB.
  40. Web site: 9 September 2017 . Passado familiar pauta a campanha da conservadora Keiko Fujimori, no Peru – Internacional – R7 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170909232747/http://noticias.r7.com/internacional/noticias/passado-familiar-pauta-a-campanha-da-conservadora-keiko-fujimori-no-peru-20120603.html . 9 September 2017 . 21 February 2021.
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  42. 11 August 2022 . Peru's Castillo will struggle to stay in office . . Emerald Expert Briefings . oxan-db . oxan-db . 10.1108/OXAN-DB272027 . The far-right parties in Congress -- Renovacion Popular (Popular Renewal) and Avanza Pais (Forward Country).
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  45. Web site: 18 September 2017 . Peru's leader names new prime minister as he reforms Cabinet . 1 October 2019 . Associated Press.
  46. Web site: 15 December 2017 . Peru's leader resists pressure to resign . 2 January 2018 . Bbc.com.
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  48. Web site: 29 May 2019 . Presidente de Perú considera disolver Congreso si legisladores no aprueban reforma política . Reuters . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190530042955/https://lta.reuters.com/articulo/peru-politica-idLTAKCN1SZ2ZD-OUSLT . 30 May 2019 . 31 May 2019 . Reuters.
  49. News: 1 October 2019 . Peru's president dissolves Congress to push through anti-corruption reforms . . 1 October 2019 . 0261-3077.
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  51. Web site: 1 October 2019 . Peru's Police and the Joint Command of Peru's Military Branches Say They Recognize Vizcarra as President and the Head of the Armed Forces and Police-Statements . 1 October 2019 . Reuters.
  52. News: 14 January 2020 . Peru's top court says Vizcarra's closure of Congress was legal . en . Reuters . 2022-12-09.
  53. News: 10 November 2020 . In Midst Of Pandemic Crisis, Peru's Legislature Impeaches The Nation's President . . 11 November 2020.
  54. News: Kurmanaev . Anatoly . Taj . Mitra . 15 November 2020 . After Six Days on the Job, Peru's Interim President Steps Down Amid Protests . en-US . The New York Times . 15 November 2020 . 0362-4331.
  55. News: 8 May 2020 . Mercedes Araoz: Congreso aprueba la renuncia a la vicepresidencia de la República | Martín Vizcarra . El Comercio . Hidalgo Bustamante . Martin .
  56. Web site: Dube . Ryan . 16 November 2020 . Peru's Congress Chooses Lawmaker Francisco Sagasti as Next President . 16 November 2020 . The Wall Street Journal.
  57. News: Burt . Jo-Marie . 5 June 2021 . Peru's military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians. Others are not so sure. . . live . 5 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210610102123/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/05/perus-military-say-shining-path-insurgents-killed-16-civilians-others-are-not-so-sure/ . 10 June 2021 . The Fujimori campaign seized upon the Vizcatán massacre to reiterate the 'Castillo-as-extremist' narrative, pointing to alleged ties between Castillo and a Shining Path front group, MOVADEF, to suggest that Castillo bore some responsibility for the gruesome killings..
  58. Web site: 29 June 2021 . Former Peru dictator's spymaster reappears in alleged plot to swing recount . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210702045805/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/29/peru-vladimiro-monterinos-keiko-fujimori-pedro-castillo . 2 July 2021 . 1 July 2021 . . en.
  59. Web site: 8 June 2021 . Claves del supuesto "fraude sistemático" denunciado por Keiko Fujimori . 24 June 2021 . Swissinfo . es.
  60. Web site: 20 June 2021 . Peru: Fujimori cries electoral fraud – and unleashes torrent of racism . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210622045604/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/20/peru-elite-election-pedro-castillo-keiko-fujimori . 22 June 2021 . 22 June 2021 . . en.
  61. Web site: Collyns . Dan . 8 June 2021 . Peru elections: Fujimori's fraud claims criticised as rival's narrow lead widens . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210608042309/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/08/keiko-fujimori-claims-irregularities-peru-presidential-election-pedro-castillo . 8 June 2021 . 8 June 2021 . The Guardian.
  62. News: With election fraud claims, Peru's Keiko Fujimori takes a page from the Trump playbook. She's not alone. . The Washington Post . live . 22 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210621072244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/16/trump-playbook-peru-democracy/ . 21 June 2021 . 0190-8286.
  63. News: Applebaum . Anne . 17 June 2021 . Democracy Is Surprisingly Easy to Undermine . The Atlantic . live . 22 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210620121009/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/trump-fraud-stop-steal-copycats/619226/ . 20 June 2021.
  64. Web site: 1 July 2021 . Operaciones "irregulares" del 'Doc' desde la Base Naval IDL Reporteros . 2021-12-21 . IDL Reporteros.
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  69. News: Cabral . Ernesto . 12 January 2021 . Militares en retiro con discursos extremistas se vinculan a políticos para apoyar la vacancia . 8 December 2021 . . es.
  70. News: Scott . Benigno . Peruvian Congress to Debate President's Impeachment . Foreign Brief . 7 December 2022 . 8 December 2022.
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  72. Book: Asensio . Raúl . El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación . Camacho . Gabriela . González . Natalia . Grompone . Romeo . Pajuelo Teves . Ramón . Peña Jimenez . Omayra . Moscoso . Macarena . Vásquez . Yerel . Sosa Villagarcia . Paolo . August 2021 . . 978-612-326-084-2 . 1 . . 92 . es . 17 November 2021.
  73. News: Taj . Mitra . 7 December 2021 . 'Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start . . 13 December 2021.
  74. News: 19 November 2021 . Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo . en . . 13 December 2021.
  75. News: Tegel . Simeon . 15 October 2021 . Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211015221103/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/15/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment/ . 15 October 2021 . 13 December 2021 . . en-US.
  76. News: 19 November 2021 . Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo . . 20 November 2021.
  77. News: 26 November 2021 . Peru opposition moves to impeach President Pedro Castillo . 27 November 2021 . Al Jazeera.
  78. News: 7 December 2021 . Congreso no admite a debate moción de vacancia contra Pedro Castillo . 8 December 2021 . . es.
  79. News: 14 February 2022 . Fujimoristas detrás de encuentro sobre la vacancia . 7 April 2022 . . es.
  80. News: 6 February 2022 . Alva sobre eventual asunción a la presidencia: 'Uno tiene que estar preparado para todo' . 7 April 2022 . . es.
  81. News: 11 February 2022 . Congreso: miembros de la oposición sostuvieron reunión para vacar al presidente Pedro Castillo . 7 April 2022 . . es.
  82. News: 28 March 2022 . Peru's president avoids impeachment after marathon debate . . 29 March 2022.
  83. News: 28 March 2022 . Pleno del Congreso no aprueba moción de vacancia presidencial contra Pedro Castillo . 29 March 2022 . RPP . es.
  84. Web site: Peruvian President's approval ratings keep sinking . 2022-12-21 . MercoPress . en.
  85. News: Roger . Chuquín . Paro de transportistas: las claves de un conflicto que no pudo ser resuelto por el Gobierno . 2 April 2022 . 5 April 2022 . Convoca . es.
  86. News: 5 April 2022 . Fuel protests prompt Lima curfew as Ukraine crisis touches South America . 6 April 2022 . The Guardian.
  87. News: Taj . Mitra . Glatsky . Genevieve . 5 December 2022 . He Vowed to Transform Peru. Instead He's Facing His Third Impeachment. . en-US . . 7 December 2022 . 0362-4331 . limited.
  88. Web site: 2022-10-19 . Pedro Castillo acusa complot en su contra e insiste en invocar a comunidad internacional: "No soy corrupto" . 2023-05-28 . . es.
  89. Web site: Pública . Agenda . Elección de miembros del TC: un asalto precario a la democracia peruana . 2023-03-09 . . 21 July 2021 . ca.
  90. Web site: Salazar . Elizabeth . 24 June 2021 . Intereses privados y denuncias de parcialidad empañan elección de miembros del TC . 2023-03-09 . . es.
  91. Web site: 2023-05-22 . Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón . 2023-05-26 . . es.
  92. Web site: Vega . Renzo Gómez . 2023-07-29 . US Democrats pressure President Dina Boluarte over Peru's human rights violations . 2023-07-30 . . en-us.
  93. Web site: Benavides . Sofía . 2022-12-07 . ¿Qué dice la Constitución de Perú sobre la disolución del Congreso? . 2023-04-23 . . es.
  94. News: 1 December 2022 . Order granting precautionary measure. es . Constitutional Court of Peru. 26 June 2023.
  95. Web site: . 9 December 2022 . Crónica del efímero autogolpe de Pedro Castillo en Perú . 2022-12-15 . . es.
  96. News: 5 December 2022 . Dina Boluarte: Subcomisión de Acusaciones archiva denuncia constitucional contra vicepresidenta . es . Gestión . 8 December 2022.
  97. Web site: 11 December 2022 . El papel trascendental de las FFAA . 2022-12-15 . . en.
  98. Web site: Quesada . Juan Diego . 9 December 2022 . Inside the coup in Peru: 'President, what have you done?' . 2022-12-10 . EL PAÍS English Edition . en-us.
  99. Web site: 7 December 2022 . Pedro Castillo anuncia toque de queda ante Cierre del Congreso de la República . 2023-01-19 . . es-ES.
  100. Web site: 9 December 2022 . Exministro Gustavo Bobbio niega haber conocido golpe de Estado de Pedro Castillo: "No hubiera hecho algo tan torpe" . 2023-01-03 . . es.
  101. Web site: 2022-12-08 . Human Rights Watch Statement on Coup in Peru . 2023-03-25 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  102. News: Betssy Chavéz presentó su renuncia irrevocable a la PCM tras golpe de Estado de Pedro Castillo . 8 December 2022 . La República . 7 December 2022.
  103. News: 7 December 2022 . Congreso destituye a Pedro Castillo y tomará juramento a Dina Boluarte a las 3 pm . 2022-12-07 . . es.
  104. Web site: 8 December 2022 . Presidente de México confirma que Pedro Castillo lo llamó para pedir asilo . 2022-12-09 . . es.
  105. News: Disturbios en los exteriores de la Embajada de México para evitar el posible ingreso de Pedro Castillo . 7 December 2022 . . es.
  106. News: 7 December 2022 . Pedro Castillo está detenido en la prefectura tras salir de Palacio de Gobierno . 7 December 2022 . . es.
  107. News: Peru's president detained by security forces- national police tweet . 7 December 2022 . 8 December 2022 . Reuters.
  108. News: 7 December 2022 . Peru's president ousted by Congress in political crisis . 8 December 2022 . AP News . en.
  109. News: 8 December 2022 . Mexico says it is consulting with Peru over Castillo asylum request . en . Reuters . 8 December 2022.
  110. News: Lopez Obrador confirms that Castillo called to request asylum at the Mexican Embassy in Lima . en-IN . MSN . 8 December 2022.
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  112. Web site: 11 December 2022 . Pedro Castillo denuncia en una carta "plan maquiavélico" en su contra . 2022-12-14 . . es.
  113. Web site: 19 December 2022 . They denounce US interference in the dismissal of Pedro Castillo . Ultimas Noticias.
  114. Web site: 16 December 2022 . La Jornada: Se reúnen embajadora de EU y ministro de Defensa antes del golpe . 2023-01-03 . . es-MX.
  115. Web site: 12 December 2022 . ¿Quién es Pedro Angulo, el primer ministro del gabinete de la presidenta Dina Boluarte? . 2022-12-14 . . es.
  116. Web site: Perú: presidenta Boluarte nombra a un investigado exfiscal como jefe de gabinete . 2022-12-14 . . 10 December 2022 . es.
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  119. Web site: Peru: Ministers resign amid deadly protests . 16 December 2022 . . 16 December 2022 . en.
  120. Web site: 20 December 2022 . Peru Congress opens door to early elections amid unrest . 2022-12-21 . Associated Press . en.
  121. Web site: El 55 % de peruanos rechaza la moción para destituir al presidente Castillo . 2023-05-01 . infobae . 28 November 2021 . es-ES.
  122. Web site: Encuesta Nacional Urbana Rural (National survey urban rural). 2023-08-24. Ipsos. es-ES.
  123. Web site: 7 December 2022 . Peru swears in VP as the new president amid constitutional crisis . 2022-12-15 . PBS NewsHour . en-us.
  124. Web site: 13 December 2022 . After Mexico president backs Peru's Castillo, Boluarte to call leaders . 2023-03-02 . Reuters.
  125. Web site: 12 December 2022 . Colombia, Argentina, México y Bolivia, a favor de Castillo . 2023-03-02 . . en.
  126. News: 26 January 2023 . Peru recalls ambassador to Honduras for 'unacceptable interference' as diplomatic spat deepens . en . . 2023-03-02.
  127. News: Tegel . Simeon . 13 December 2022 . Peru's Castillo says he's still president; international allies agree . en-US . The Washington Post . 2022-12-15 . 0190-8286.
  128. Web site: Peruvian President jailed after attempting "self-coup" . 2022-12-15 . The Brazilian Report . en-US.
  129. News: Aquino . Marco . 15 December 2022 . Castillo jail term extended as Peru protest death toll hits 15 . Reuters . 16 December 2022.
  130. Web site: 12 December 2022 . Comunicado conjunto sobre la situación en Perú . 16 December 2022 . .
  131. Web site: After Mexico president backs Peru's Castillo, Boluarte to call leaders . 2022-12-21 . MSN . en-US.
  132. Web site: Joint EP Press Statement of 8 December 2022 on the latest developments in Peru Communiqués Documents DAND Delegations European Parliament . 2023-03-25 . www.europarl.europa.eu . en.
  133. News: 7 December 2022 . Crisis en Perú: el Gobierno argentino expresó preocupación y pidió "resguardar las instituciones democráticas" . es . Ámbito . 8 December 2022.
  134. Web site: 8 December 2022 . El presidente de Bolivia condena el "hostigamiento de élites" contra "Gobiernos populares" tras la crisis en Perú . 2022-12-09 . Europa Press . es.
  135. News: Situação no Peru . 8 December 2022 . Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil . 7 December 2022 . pt.
  136. News: Manifestação sobre a posse da Presidenta Dina Boluarte no Peru . 8 December 2022 . Lula . 7 December 2022 . pt.
  137. Web site: 8 December 2022 . Detención de Pedro Castillo: qué mensaje ha enviado Chile a Perú y qué ha dicho Boric . 2022-12-09 . Diario AS . es-cl.
  138. Web site: Fernando Fuentes . 8 December 2022 . Presidente de Colombia y crisis en Perú: "Pedro Castillo se dejó llevar a un suicidio político" . 2022-12-09 . La Tercera.
  139. News: Coup in Peru: President Pedro Castillo overthrown by conservative Congress. Tanya. Wadhwa. 8 December 2022. People's Dispatch.
  140. Web site: Sotalin . Karina . 7 December 2022 . Ecuador se pronuncia sobre situación política en Perú . 2022-12-09 . El Comercio . es-EC.
  141. CancilleriaHN. Cancillería Honduras. 1602489229354885125. Comunicado: Posición del Gobierno de Honduras en relación a los últimos acontecimientos ocurridos en el Perú.. 13 December 2022. es.
  142. News: Peru's president ousted by Congress in political crisis . en . . 2022-12-08.
  143. News: Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia Back Peru's President Castillo, Condemn 'Anti-Democratic Harassment' . Scheerpost . 16 December 2022.
  144. News: AMLO atribuye la destitución de Pedro Castillo en Perú a las élites económicas y políticas . 16 December 2022.
  145. News: 8 December 2022 . Mexico president says Peru's Castillo was going to request asylum . en . Reuters . 8 December 2022.
  146. News: Oré . Diego . Aquino . Marco . Oré . Diego . 21 December 2022 . Peru orders Mexico's ambassador out as diplomatic spat deepens . en . Reuters . 2022-12-21.
  147. Web site: 8 December 2022 . Paraguay llama a "diálogo constructivo" para preservar la democracia en el Perú . 2022-12-09 . RPP . es.
  148. News: Arenales . María García . 7 December 2022 . El Gobierno de España condena la ruptura del orden constitucional en Perú . 2022-12-08 . elDiario.es . es.
  149. Web site: EFE . Agencia . 8 December 2022 . Pedro Sánchez traslada a Dina Boluarte su apoyo como presidenta de Perú . 2022-12-09 . COPE . es.
  150. News: Castillo moves to dissolve Peruvian Congress, it impeaches him . 2022-12-07 . . en.
  151. Web site: Ante la situación en Perú . 2022-12-08 . Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . es.
  152. Web site: 8 December 2022 . Maduro critica la persecución contra Castillo y espera que Perú logre "su camino de liberación y democracia" . 2022-12-09 . Europa Press.

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