2020 California wildfires explained
2020 California wildfires |
Cost: | >$12.079 billion (2020 USD) (Third-costliest on record)[1] [2] |
References: | [3] |
Total Fires: | 8,648 |
Total Area: | 4304379acres |
Buildings: | 11,116 (Cal Fire) 9,211 (NIFC) |
Fatalities: | 33 |
Injuries: | 37 |
Time-Begin: | February 15, 2020 |
Time-End: | January 5, 2021 |
Is Season: | yes |
Year: | 2020 |
Season Name: | California wildfires |
Image Map Caption: | A map of wildfires in California in 2020, using Cal Fire data |
The 2020 California wildfire season, part of the 2020 Western United States wildfire season, was a record-setting year for wildfires in California. Over the course of the year, 8,648 fires burned 4304379acres, more than four percent of the state's roughly 100 million acres of land, making 2020 the largest wildfire season recorded in California's modern history.[4] [5] However, it is roughly equivalent to the pre-1800 levels which averaged around 4.4 million acres yearly and up to 12 million in peak years.[6] California's August Complex fire has been described as the first "gigafire", burning over 1 million acres across seven counties, an area larger than the state of Rhode Island. The fires destroyed over 10,000 structures and cost over $12.079 billion (2020 USD) in damages, including over $10 billion in property damage and $2.079 billion in fire suppression costs. The intensity of the fire season has been attributed to a combination of more than a century of poor forest management[7] and higher temperatures resulting from climate change.
On August 18, Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency,[8] and on August 19, 2020, reported that the state was battling 367 known fires, many sparked by intense thunderstorms on August 16–17 caused by moisture from the remnants of Tropical Storm Fausto. Response and evacuations were complicated by a historic heatwave and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On August 22, President Donald Trump issued a major disaster declaration (DR-4558), which provides Individual Assistance and/or Public Assistance.
In early September 2020, a combination of a record-breaking heat wave and strong katabatic winds, (including the Jarbo, Diablo, and Santa Ana) caused explosive fire growth. The August Complex became California's largest recorded wildfire.[9] The Creek Fire expanded in the Big Creek drainage area, temporarily trapping hundreds of campers near the Mammoth Pool Reservoir. The North Complex explosively grew in size as the winds fanned it westward, threatening the city of Oroville, triggering mass evacuations, and causing 16 fatalities.[10]
Governor Newsom's request for a federal disaster declaration for six major wildfires was approved on October 17 after having been rejected the previous day.[11] [12]
Early outlook
Early in the year, there was a concern for the 2020 fire season to potentially be prolonged and especially grave, due to the unusually dry months of January and February, one of the driest such periods of any calendar year on record.[13] On March 22, a state of emergency was declared by California Governor Gavin Newsom due to a mass die-off of trees throughout the state, potentially increasing the risk of wildfires.[14] However, throughout March and April, rain began to consistently fall in the state, which alleviated the drought conditions. Despite this, Northern California was still expected to have severe wildfire conditions due to the moderate or severe drought conditions in the area, whereas Central and Southern California were expected to have serious fire conditions later in the year due to the late wet season and precipitation.[15]
On June 18, climate scientist Daniel Swain predicted the 2020 Arizona wildfire season was a sign of what was to come in California, due to similar drought and weather conditions between Arizona and Northern California.[16]
Seasonal fire risk
The year 2020 was the largest wildfire year recorded in California history, according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. From a historical perspective, the average annual acres burned prior to 1850 were probably significantly larger than years since reliable fire records began. Scott Stephens, a professor of fire science at UC Berkeley, estimated that prior to 1850, about 4500000acres burned yearly, in fires that lasted for months. Activity peaked roughly every 30 years, with up to 11800000acres burning during peak years.[7] [17] The indigenous peoples of California historically set controlled burns and allowed natural fires to run their course.[7]
The peak of the wildfire season usually occurs between July and November when hot, dry winds are most frequent. The wildfire season typically does not end until the first significant rainstorm of autumn arrives, which is usually around October in Northern California, and early November in Southern California.
As wildfire becomes more frequent, the wildland–urban interface has increasingly become more dangerous when it comes to property damage and risk to life.[18]
Causes
Land development and forest management
Scientists believe that, prior to development, California fires regularly burned significantly more acreage than has been seen in recent history.[19] Wildfires have been aggressively suppressed in recent years, resulting in a buildup of fuel, increasing the risk of large uncontrollable fires. There is broad scientific consensus that there should be more controlled burning of forests in California in order to reduce fire risk. A 2020 ProPublica investigation blames a combination of climate change and a history of insufficient controlled burning for the increase in "megafires."[20] A sharp increase in the population and development of fire-prone areas has also contributed to the increase in flammable tinder.[21]
Climate change
Climate change increases the temperature of wildfires in California, the risk for drought, and potentially also the frequency of such events.[22] [23] David Romps, director of the Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center summarizes the situation as follows: "To cut to the chase: Were the heat wave and the lightning strikes and the dryness of the vegetation affected by global warming? Absolutely yes. Were they made significantly hotter, more numerous, and drier because of global warming? Yes, likely yes, and yes."[24]
Similarly, Friederike Otto, acting director of the University of Oxford Environmental Change Institute states, "There is absolutely no doubt that the extremely high temperatures are higher than they would have been without human-induced climate change. A huge body of attribution literature demonstrates now that climate change is an absolute game-changer when it comes to heat waves, and California won't be the exception."[25] Susan Clark, director of the Sustainability Initiative at the University at Buffalo argues, "This is climate change. This increased intensity and frequency of temperatures and heat waves are part of the projections for the future. [...] There is going to be more morbidity and mortality [from heat.] There are going to be more extremes."
The National Interagency Fire Center's (NFIC) National Interagency Coordination (NICC) reported that monthly outlooks for the entire country will still drive wildfires across the country but especially California. The main drivers through fall and winter seasons will be La Nina, and drought conditions are going to continue through California, causing the wildfires to continue. The shift will start from Northern California to Southern California as precipitation will lessen the impact of wildfires across northern California.
Arson
In August 2020, a suspect was charged by the Monterey County Sheriff with arson relating to the Dolan Fire; however, this has not been officially determined as the cause of the fire.[26] [27] In April 2021, another suspect, already arrested and charged for the murder of a woman, was charged with arson relating to the Markley Fire, one of the wildfires involving in the LNU Lightning Complex fires; according to authorities, the fire was set to cover up the aforementioned murder.[28] Arson has also been suspected as the cause of the Ranch 2 Fire in Los Angeles County.
Effects
A 2023 study found that these wildfires are affecting the California ecosystem and disrupting the habitats.[29] [30] It found that in the 2020 and 2021 fire seasons 58% of the area affected by wildfires occurred in those two seasons since 2012.[29] [30] These two fires destroyed 30% of the habitat of 50 species as well as 100 species that had 10% of their habitats burn. 5-14% of the species' habitats burned at a "high severity."[29] [30]
List of wildfires
The following is a list of fires that burned more than, or produced significant structural damage or casualties.
See also
Further reading
External links
Notes and References
- News: Damage from California's wildfires estimated at $10 billion, experts say. Abc7 San Francisco. David Louie. ABC, Inc.. October 9, 2020. January 14, 2021. January 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127051328/https://abc7news.com/california-wildfires-cost-of-cal-fire-stanford-wildfire-research/6897462/. live.
- 2020 National Large Incident Year-to-Date Report. Geographic Area Coordination Center. National Interagency Fire Center. December 21, 2020. January 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229021815/https://gacc.nifc.gov/sacc/predictive/intelligence/NationalLargeIncidentYTDReport.pdf. December 29, 2020. dead.
- Web site: Fire Statistics . . January 2, 2021 . January 2, 2021 . June 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200628081514/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/ . live .
- Web site: California sets new record for land torched by wildfires as 224 people escape by air from a 'hellish' inferno. Holly Yan. Cheri Mossberg. Artemis Moshtaghian. Paul Vercammen. Cable News Network. September 6, 2020. September 6, 2020. September 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200906034057/https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/05/us/california-mammoth-pool-reservoir-camp-fire/index.html. live.
- Web site: Silverman. Hollie. 8 September 2020. California wildfires have burned more than 2 million acres and prompted power outages for more than 170,000. 2020-09-08. CNN. September 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200908225456/https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/08/us/california-fires-tuesday/index.html. live.
- Stephens. Scott L.. Martin. Robert E.. Clinton. Nicholas E.. 2007-11-15. Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands. Forest Ecology and Management. en. 251. 3. 205–216. 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005. 2007ForEM.251..205S . 0378-1127. Lacking from current wildfire discussions are estimates of the spatial extent of fire and their resultant emissions before the influences of Euro-American settlement and this is the focus of this work. We summarize the literature on fire history (fire rotation and fire return intervals) and past Native American burning practices to estimate past fire occurrence by vegetation type. ... Approximately 1.8 million ha burned annually in California prehistorically (pre 1800).. October 29, 2020. August 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812111636/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707004379. live.
- News: Rogers. Paul. 2020-08-23. California fires: State, feds agree to thin millions of acres of forests – New plan would last 20 years, reshaping California's landscape. San Jose Mercury News. 2020-09-11. Before the Gold Rush in 1849, large parts of California burned every few decades. Lightning fires burned for months, and native tribes burned the land, clearing out dead vegetation. ... Stephens, the UC fire scientist, estimates that before the Gold Rush, roughly 4.5 million acres a year in California burned. By the 1950s and 1960s, that was down to about 250,000 acres a year.. September 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200913035721/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/23/california-fires-state-feds-agree-to-thin-millions-of-acres-of-forests/. live.
- News: Singh. Maanvi. August 19, 2020. California wildfires: thousands evacuate as 'siege' of flames overwhelms state. The Guardian. August 19, 2020. August 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200819201909/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/19/california-fires-lake-dome-evacuations. live.
- Web site: What we know Thursday about North State fires: Elkhorn merges with August Complex to create 726K-acre monster. Redding.com. Michele Chandler. Redding Record Searchlight. September 11, 2020. September 11, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917125504/https://www.redding.com/story/news/2020/09/10/california-wildfires-updates-willow-elkhorn-august-complex-map/3457557001/#:~:text=The%20Elkhorn%20Fire%20has%20merged,Forest%20Service%20announced%20Thursday%20afternoon.. live.
- Web site: September 11, 2020 . California wildfires: Gov. Gavin Newsom tours North Complex fire destruction, declares statewide emergency . 2022-11-20 . ABC 7 News . November 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221120213026/https://abc7news.com/amp/bear-fire-north-complex-west-zone-claremont-how-did-the-start-2020/6415957/ . live .
- Web site: Kelly. Caroline. 17 October 2020. Trump reverses course and grants California's wildfire disaster declaration request. 2020-10-17. CNN. February 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210215230357/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/16/politics/trump-grants-california-wildfire-request/index.html. live.
- News: Fuller. Thomas. Taylor. Derrick Bryson. 2020-10-16. In Rare Move, Trump Administration Rejects California's Request for Wildfire Relief. en-US. The New York Times. 2020-10-16. 0362-4331. October 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201016113031/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/us/trump-california-wildfire-relief.html. live.
- News: Leonard. Diana. Dry California winter prompts wildfire and drought concerns. The Washington Post. March 2, 2020. July 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200704025005/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/03/02/dry-california-winter-prompts-wildfire-drought-concerns/. live.
- Web site: Daniels. Jeff. California Gov. Gavin Newsom declares state of emergency due to increased wildfire risk. CNBC. March 22, 2019. March 22, 2020. August 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231206/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/22/california-governor-to-declare-state-of-emergency-due-to-wildfire-risk.html. live.
- Web site: Roach. John. What's expected for the 2020 California wildfire season?. AccuWeather. May 26, 2020. July 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705122854/https://www.accuweather.com/en/severe-weather/whats-expected-for-the-2020-california-wildfire-season/745087. live.
- News: Ezra . David Romero . California, Watch The Wildfires In Arizona, They May Be A Preview Of What's To Come Later This Year . 20 September 2020 . . 18 June 2020 . September 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200923174735/https://www.capradio.org/articles/2020/06/18/california-watch-the-wildfires-in-arizona-they-may-be-a-preview-of-whats-to-come-later-this-year/ . live .
- News: Experts To Western States: Time To Finally Fight Wildfires With More Fire . Westervelt . Eric . . 2020-10-27 . In terms of forest health, [fire ecologist and professor with the Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center at San Jose State University Kate] Wilkin says, California is supposed to burn. So when the state topped 4 million acres burned earlier this month, setting a record, Wilkin thought, "Wow, we're actually getting into the ballpark of how many acres used to burn in California every year. Historically, somewhere between 4.4 million and 12 million acres used to burn every year." . October 29, 2020 . October 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201029125930/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/27/927901189/experts-to-western-states-time-to-finally-fight-wildfires-with-more-fire . live .
- Collins. Kathryn M.. Penman. Trent D.. Price. Owen F.. 2016-09-06. Lamb. Eric Gordon. Some Wildfire Ignition Causes Pose More Risk of Destroying Houses than Others. PLOS ONE. en. 11. 9. e0162083. 10.1371/journal.pone.0162083. 1932-6203. 5012638. 27598325. 2016PLoSO..1162083C. free .
- News: Krishnakumar. Priya. Kannan. Swetha. September 15, 2020. 2020 California fires are the worst ever. Again.. 2021-08-18. Los Angeles Times. en. August 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210811111907/https://www.latimes.com/projects/california-fires-damage-climate-change-analysis/. live.
- Web site: Weil . Elizabeth . They Know How to Prevent Megafires. Why Won't Anybody Listen? . ProPublica . August 28, 2020 . 14 September 2020 . September 13, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200913234007/https://www.propublica.org/article/they-know-how-to-prevent-megafires-why-wont-anybody-listen . live .
- Web site: David . Helvarg . Witness California's record blazes through the eyes of frontline firefighters – Climate change, misguided fire suppression, population boom—the current wildfire crisis has been building for decades, and crews are now fighting in unprecedented conditions. . . September 16, 2020 . May 8, 2022 . November 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101153730/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/witness-californias-record-blazes-through-the-eyes-of-frontline-firefighters?rid=9539B5C5A3363CB9EBBB6B8972ABA4F2 . dead .
- Web site: Mulkern. Anne C.. 2020-08-24. Fast-Moving California Wildfires Boosted by Climate Change. 2020-09-09. Scientific American. en. September 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905171327/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fast-moving-california-wildfires-boosted-by-climate-change/. live.
- Williams. A. Park. Abatzoglou. John T.. Gershunov. Alexander. Guzman-Morales. Janin. Bishop. Daniel A.. Balch. Jennifer K.. Lettenmaier. Dennis P.. Dennis P. Lettenmaier. 2019. Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California. Earth's Future. en. 7. 8. 892–910. 10.1029/2019EF001210. 2019EaFut...7..892W. 2328-4277. free.
- Web site: Yes, climate change is almost certainly fueling California's massive fires. MIT Technology Review. August 20, 2020. James. Temple. September 13, 2020. September 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925184214/https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/20/1007478/california-wildfires-climate-change-heatwaves/. live.
- Web site: What Is Causing Those Fires And Blackouts In California? Could It Be (Gasp!) Climate Change?. August 22, 2020. Clean Technica. Steve. Hanley. September 13, 2020. September 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200916220757/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/08/22/what-is-causing-those-fires-and-blackouts-in-california-could-it-be-gasp-climate-change/. live.
- Web site: Monterey County Sheriff Inmates list . Monterey County Sheriff's Office . 16 September 2020 . September 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200916174207/https://montereysheriff.org/inmates/ . live .
- News: The Daily Beast. Man Charged With Arson in Connection to California Wildfire That's Torched 2,500 Acres. September 16, 2020. August 19, 2020. Madeline. Charbonneau. September 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200916190425/https://www.thedailybeast.com/ivan-geronimo-gomez-charged-with-arson-in-connection-to-california-wildfire-thats-torched-2500-acres. live.
- News: California wildfire that killed 2 was started to cover up murder, officials say. NBC News. Helsel. Phil. April 28, 2021. April 29, 2021. April 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210429041833/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/california-wildfire-killed-2-was-started-cover-murder-officials-say-n1265805. live.
- Web site: California wildfires altering ecosystems, disrupting wildlife habitats: Study . 2023-11-22 . ABC News . en.
- Ayars . Jessalyn . Kramer . H. Anu . Jones . Gavin M. . 2023-11-28 . The 2020 to 2021 California megafires and their impacts on wildlife habitat . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 120 . 48 . e2312909120 . 10.1073/pnas.2312909120 . 0027-8424. free . 37983516 . 10691208 . 2023PNAS..12012909A .
- Web site: May 7, 2020. Interstate 5 Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 8, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917130319/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/5/3/interstate-5-fire/. live.
- Web site: May 28, 2020. Range Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 8, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917125618/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/5/27/range-fire/. live.
- Web site: June 1, 2020. Scorpion Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 8, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917130819/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/5/31/scorpion-fire/. live.
- Web site: Moleski. Vincent. Quail fire outside Vacaville surpasses 1,800 acres. Sacramento Bee. June 7, 2020. June 7, 2019. June 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200608023609/https://www.pressdemocrat.com/home/a1/11017743-181/wildfire-threatens-100-homes-in. dead.
- Web site: June 7, 2020. Quail Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 8, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917093207/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/6/6/quail-fire/. live.
- June 12, 2020. MCIWPendletonCA. 1271575858054979584. Wood Fire Containment Information.
- Web site: June 9, 2020. India Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 13, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917155841/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/6/9/india-fire/. live.
- Web site: June 11, 2020. Soda Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 11, 2020. September 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920101832/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/6/10/soda-fire/. live.
- Web site: June 11, 2020. Soda Fire Now 100% Contained. KEYT.com. June 12, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917102843/https://keyt.com/news/fire/2020/06/11/soda-fire-now-100-contained/. live.
- Web site: June 11, 2020. Grant Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 13, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917150201/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/6/12/grant-fire/. live.
- Web site: June 11, 2020. Walker Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 17, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917151451/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/6/16/walker-fire/. live.
- Web site: June 26, 2020. Grade Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 26, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917121736/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/6/22/grade-fire/. live.
- Web site: June 28, 2020. Pass Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. June 29, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917141731/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/6/28/pass-fire/. live.
- Web site: June 11, 2020. Bena Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. July 2, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917114250/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/7/1/bena-fire/. live.
- Web site: July 5, 2020. Crews Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. July 6, 2020. September 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922064440/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/7/5/crews-fire/. live.
- Web site: July 5, 2020. Soledad Fire Information – InciWeb the Incident Information System. inciweb.nwcg.gov. July 6, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917122852/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6828/. live.
- Web site: July 14, 2020. Mineral Fire Information – InciWeb the Incident Information System. inciweb.nwcg.gov. July 15, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917124948/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6857/. live.
- Web site: July 13, 2020. Mineral Fire 2020 Information. fire.ca.gov. July 15, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917090929/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/7/13/mineral-fire/. live.
- Web site: July 16, 2020. Coyote Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. July 16, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917135032/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/7/15/coyote-fire/. live.
- Web site: July 5, 2020. Hog Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. July 20, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917130453/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/7/18/hog-fire/. live.
- Web site: July 21, 2020. Gold Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. July 22, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917151745/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/7/20/gold-fire/. live.
- Web site: July 23, 2020. July Complex 2020 Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. July 27, 2020. September 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200919123525/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6881/. live.
- Web site: Blue Jay Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. InciWeb. November 20, 2020. January 13, 2021. September 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200907040051/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6888/. live.
- Web site: Red Salmon Complex Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. InciWeb. November 23, 2020. January 13, 2021. September 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200911063934/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6891/. live.
- Web site: August 3, 2020. Interactive Map with acreage for both Red and Salmon fires. ucanr.edu. August 3, 2020. August 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200829005509/https://ucanr.edu/sites/fire/Safety/Current/. live.
- Web site: Branch Fire. August 1, 2020. SF Chronicle. December 1, 2020. September 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925035509/https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/california-fire-map/2020-branch-fire/. live.
- Web site: July 31, 2020. Apple Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. August 1, 2020. September 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922200610/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/7/31/apple-fire/. live.
- Web site: Apple Fire. InciWeb. December 9, 2020. December 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201209024948/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6902/. live.
- Web site: KSBY Staff. UPDATE: Pond Fire 67% contained, 2,005 acres burned. KSBY. August 3, 2020. August 3, 2020. August 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805105508/https://www.ksby.com/weather/fire-watch/update-pond-fire-60-contained-has-burned-2-005-acres. live.
- Web site: August 2, 2020. Pond Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. August 2, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917143625/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/1/pond-fire/. live.
- Web site: August 3, 2020. North Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. August 3, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917105407/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6910/. live.
- Web site: Stagecoach Fire now 7,760 acres, 64% contained and 37 structures destroyed. August 4, 2020. KBAK-TV. en. May 6, 2020. August 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224855/https://bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/kcfd-battles-50-acre-fire-south-of-havilah. live.
- Web site: Firefighter Dies While Assigned to Stagecoach Fire. August 12, 2020. KNBC. en. May 6, 2020. August 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200812232409/https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/firefighter-dies-while-assigned-to-stagecoach-fire/2411972/. live.
- Web site: August 3, 2020. Stagecoach Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. August 4, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917142255/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/3/stagecoach-fire/. live.
- Web site: Wolf Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. October 5, 2020. October 5, 2020. September 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200916151500/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7134/. live.
- Web site: August 12, 2020. Lake Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. August 13, 2020. September 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922095200/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6953/. live.
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- August 16, 2020. NWStornado. 1294749587689705472. Loyalton Fire Tornado Warning.
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- Web site: August 16, 2020. River Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. August 17, 2020. September 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200916165809/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/16/river-fire/. live.
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- Web site: August 17, 2020. Holser Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. August 18, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917085821/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/17/holser-fire/. live.
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- Web site: October 17, 2020. CAL FIRE California Statewide Fire Summary for Saturday Morning, October 17, 2020. October 17, 2020. October 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201020081510/https://goldrushcam.com/sierrasuntimes/index.php/news/local-news/26049-cal-fire-california-statewide-fire-summary-for-saturday-morning-october-17-2020. live.
- Web site: October 29, 2020. CAL FIRE California Statewide Fire Summary for Thursday Morning, October 29, 2020 – Over 5,600 Firefighters are Battling 22 Wildfires Across the State. October 29, 2020. November 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201101002606/https://www.goldrushcam.com/sierrasuntimes/index.php/news/local-news/26302-cal-fire-california-statewide-fire-summary-for-thursday-morning-october-29-2020-over-5-600-firefighters-are-battling-22-wildfires-across-the-state. live.
- Web site: North Complex Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. December 4, 2020. January 13, 2021. September 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200912005931/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6997/. live.
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- Web site: August 22, 2020. Sheep Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. September 5, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917124107/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/22/sheep-fire/. live.
- Web site: August 19, 2020. Salt Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. August 19, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917123617/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/18/salt-fire/. live.
- Web site: August 19, 2020. W-5 Cold Spring Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. August 19, 2020. September 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200916234707/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7010/. live.
- Web site: August 19, 2020. Caramel Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. August 19, 2020. September 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200916224124/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/18/carmel-fire/. live.
- Web site: Dolan Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. InciWeb. December 28, 2020. January 13, 2021. September 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200911204019/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7018/. live.
- Web site: Dolan Fire. August 19, 2020. fire.ca.gov. CAL FIRE. October 28, 2020. October 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023936/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/19/dolan-fire/. dead.
- News: Dolan Fire grows to nearly 20,000 acres and remains at 10% containment, officials say. The San Luis Obispo Tribune. August 23, 2020. Mackenzie. Shuman. September 9, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114457/https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/california/fires/article245175675.html. live.
- Web site: October 2, 2020. Woodward Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. August 24, 2020. September 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100518/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7062/. live.
- Web site: SQF Complex Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. January 5, 2021. January 13, 2021. September 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200911204150/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7048/. live.
- Web site: August 20, 2020. Moc Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. August 21, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917130820/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/20/moc-fire/. live.
- Web site: Moraine Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. InciWeb. December 29, 2020. January 13, 2021. March 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210302022158/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7089/. live.
- Web site: Slink Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. October 9, 2020. October 9, 2020. September 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200903052514/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7105/. live.
- Web site: Creek Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. InciWeb. December 24, 2020. January 14, 2021. September 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200907162933/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7147/. live.
- Web site: Creek Fire. fire.ca.gov. CAL FIRE. December 18, 2020. January 14, 2021. September 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200907231311/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/9/4/creek-fire/. live.
- News: Creek Fire live updates: 162,833 acres burned; Auberry among firefighters" concerns. The Fresno Bee. September 8, 2020. September 8, 2020. September 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200909102935/https://www.fresnobee.com/news/california/fires/article245559995.html. live.
- News: Andone . Dakin . A firefighter has died in the California wildfire sparked by a gender reveal party . September 18, 2020 . CNN . September 18, 2020 . September 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200918150249/https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/18/us/el-dorado-gender-reveal-death-trnd/index.html . live .
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- Web site: El Dorado Fire. fire.ca.gov. November 18, 2020. January 14, 2020. September 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200906222427/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/9/5/el-dorado-fire/. live.
- News: Colin. Atagi. Nicole. Hayden. September 6, 2020. Fire officials: El Dorado blaze sparked during gender reveal party. The Desert Sun. September 6, 2020. September 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200906175807/https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/environment/wildfires/2020/09/06/el-dorado-fire-grows-2-727-acres-containment-remains-5/5734173002/. live.
- Web site: Valley Fire General Information. fire.ca.gov. CAL FIRE. September 25, 2020. September 29, 2020. September 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200906222408/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/9/5/valley-fire/. live.
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- Web site: Bobcat Fire Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. InciWeb. December 18, 2020. January 14, 2021. September 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200908162440/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7152/. live.
- Web site: Bobcat Fire. fire.ca.cov. September 6, 2020. September 14, 2020. September 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200913230147/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/9/6/bobcat-fire/. dead.
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- Web site: Oak Fire. fire.ca.gov. CAL FIRE. September 14, 2020. October 5, 2020. September 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200910143021/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/9/7/oak-fire/. live.
- Web site: Slater / Devil Fires Information. inciweb.nwcg.gov. InciWeb. December 10, 2020. January 14, 2021. September 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200910230006/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7173/. live.
- News: Katie Streit. KOBI. September 10, 2020. September 10, 2020. Second person dies in Slater Fire. September 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200911161604/https://kobi5.com/news/local-news/second-person-dies-in-slater-fire-136443/. live.
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- Web site: Bullfrog Fire. InciWeb. November 14, 2020. January 14, 2021. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114500/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7191/. live.
- Web site: Bullfrog Fire. Cal Fire. November 10, 2020. January 14, 2021. January 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125052145/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/9/12/bullfrog-fire/. live.
- Web site: Willow Fire. fire.ca.gov. CAL FIRE. September 16, 2020. October 5, 2020. September 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200910123502/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/9/9/willow-fire/. live.
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- Web site: CAL FIRE California Statewide Fire Summary for Wednesday Morning, September 30, 2020. September 30, 2020. October 5, 2020. October 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201002233557/https://goldrushcam.com/sierrasuntimes/index.php/news/local-news/25716-cal-fire-california-statewide-fire-summary-for-wednesday-morning-september-30-2020. live.
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- Web site: October 9, 2020. CAL FIRE California Statewide Fire Summary for Friday Morning, October 9, 2020. October 9, 2020. October 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201013195422/https://goldrushcam.com/sierrasuntimes/index.php/news/local-news/25896-cal-fire-california-statewide-fire-summary-for-friday-morning-october-9-2020. live.
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- Web site: October 14, 2020. CAL FIRE California Statewide Fire Summary for Wednesday Morning, October 14, 2020. October 14, 2020. October 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201019080742/https://goldrushcam.com/sierrasuntimes/index.php/news/local-news/25986-cal-fire-california-statewide-fire-summary-for-wednesday-morning-october-14-2020. live.
- Web site: Silverado Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. November 7, 2020. January 14, 2021. January 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091623/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/10/26/silverado-fire/. live.
- Web site: Silverado fire explodes to 12,600 acres. Alma Fausto. Martin Wisckol. The Sun. October 27, 2020. October 28, 2020. November 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201101065637/https://www.sbsun.com/2020/10/27/silverado-fire-explodes-to-11200-acres-more-areas-in-danger-of-evacuation/. live.
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- Web site: Blue Ridge fire scorches 15,000-plus acres, damages 10 Yorba Linda homes. Josh Cain. Alma Fausto. Nathaniel Percy. The Sun. October 28, 2020. October 28, 2020. October 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201031035935/https://www.sbsun.com/2020/10/27/blue-ridge-fire-scorches-8000-acres-with-0-containment/. live.
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- BlueRidgeFire Update
. twitter.com. Orange County Fire Authority. October 27, 2020. October 27, 2020.
- Web site: Laura 2 Fire Information. InciWeb. December 9, 2020. January 14, 2021. December 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201202045937/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7269. live.
- Web site: November 27, 2020. National Interagency Coordination Center Incident Management Situation Report Friday, November 27, 2020 – 0800 MDT, National Preparedness Level 1. nifc.gov. December 9, 2020. October 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201028001840/https://www.nifc.gov/nicc/day1.pdf. live.
- Web site: Mountain View Fire Information. InciWeb. November 25, 2020. January 14, 2021. January 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210105033442/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7270/. live.
- Web site: November 19, 2020. More than 100 displaced after Mountain View Fire ravages Eastern Sierra town. KTLA. November 21, 2020. November 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121205118/https://ktla.com/news/california/more-than-100-displaced-after-mountain-view-fire-ravages-eastern-sierra-town/. live.
- Web site: Airport Fire Incident. fire.ca.gov. December 12, 2020. January 14, 2021. January 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126154225/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/12/1/airport-fire/. live.
- News: Bond Fire Erupts In Silverado Canyon East Of Irvine, Evacuations Ordered . CBS Los Angeles . December 3, 2020 . December 3, 2020 . December 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201203221132/https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/12/03/bond-fire-erupts-in-silverado-canyon-east-of-irvine-evacuations-ordered/ . dead .
- News: Brackett. Ron. December 3, 2020. Two Firefighters Injured In California Wildfire Fueled By High Winds. The Weather Channel. December 3, 2020. December 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201203135900/https://weather.com/news/news/2020-12-03-southern-california-wildfire-orange-county-bond-fire-evacuations. live.
- Web site: Bond Fire Information. fire.ca.gov. CAL FIRE. December 17, 2020. January 14, 2021. January 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210110013008/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/12/2/bond-fire/. live.
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- Web site: Sanderson Fire Incident. fire.ca.gov. December 14, 2020. January 14, 2021. January 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126161118/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/12/13/sanderson-fire/. live.
- Web site: Creek Fire Incident. fire.ca.gov. CAL FIRE. December 26, 2020. January 14, 2021. December 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201224143654/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/12/23/creek-fire/. dead.
- Web site: December 24, 2020. Thousands Forced to Flee Homes, Military Base as Fast-Moving Wildfire Closes In. The Weather Channel. December 24, 2020. December 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201224124353/https://weather.com/news/news/2020-12-24-camp-pendleton-fire-california-creek-fire. live.
- Web site: Creek Fire in Fallbrook & Camp Pendleton – Evacuation orders lifted, 4,200 acres burned. CBS8. KFMB-TV. December 28, 2020. January 13, 2021. January 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235436/https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/wildfire/brush-fire-in-fallbrook-spreads-into-camp-pendleton/509-a45199e6-2594-47b1-b5d4-51da5cb0b346. live.