2014 European Parliament election in Spain explained

The 2014 European Parliament election in Spain was held on Sunday, 25 May 2014, as part of the EU-wide election to elect the 8th European Parliament. All 54 seats allocated to Spain as per the Treaty of Lisbon were up for election.

The People's Party (PP) emerged as the largest party overall, albeit with its worst nationwide election result in 25 years with a mere 26.1% of the share and 16 seats, losing 2.6 million votes and 8 seats from its 2009 result. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) lost 9 seats and 2.5 million votes, obtaining just 23% of the total party vote and 14 seats. This would represent the party's worst election result in recent history until the 2015 general election, in which it scored a new low. Up to 8 additional political forces obtained representation. Pablo Iglesias' newly formed Podemos party (Spanish for "We can") turned into the election night surprise by winning 5 seats and 1,253,837 votes (7.98% of the share), an unprecedented result for a party only 4 months old and contesting an election for the first time. Podemos's surge and the extent of PP and PSOE collapse were not foreseen by opinion polls during the campaign, which had predicted higher support for the two dominant parties and a weaker performance of Podemos.

United Left's Plural Left coalition and Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) obtained some of their best historical results, with 10.0% and 6.5% of the vote and 6 and 4 seats, respectively. However, this was far from the major election breakthrough that polls had predicted throughout 2013 and in early 2014. From this point onwards both parties would lose support in opinion polls and in successive regional and local elections. The Citizens (C's) party of Albert Rivera, then marginalised as a Catalonia-only party and after several failed attempts to jump into national politics, managed to obtain 3.16% of the share and 2 seats. Just as Podemos, it would grow in support in the run up to the next general election and become a major political actor by 2015.

Electoral system

54 members of the European Parliament were allocated to Spain as per the Treaty of Lisbon.^{[1] [2]} Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals and resident non-national European citizens over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.^{[3] [4]} Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (es|Voto rogado).^{[5] [6]}

All seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with no electoral threshold being applied in order to be entitled to enter seat distribution. Seats were allocated to a single multi-member constituency comprising the entire national territory.^[7] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.^[8]

Outgoing delegation

See main article: List of members of the European Parliament for Spain, 2009–2014.

Outgoing delegation in April 2014^[9]

Groups		Parties		MEPs
				Seats	Total
	European People's Party		PP	24	25
			UDC	1
	Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats		PSOE	23	23
	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe		CDC	1	2
			EAJ/PNV	1
	Greens–European Free Alliance		ICV	1	2
			Aralar	1
	European United Left–Nordic Green Left		IU	1	1
	Non-Inscrits		UPyD	1	1

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call. In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils. Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates.^[10]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Previous result
						Votes (%)	Seats
	PP			Miguel Arias Cañete	Conservatism Christian democracy	42.12%		[11]
	PSOE			Elena Valenciano	Social democracy	38.78%		[12]
	CEU			Ramon Tremosa	Peripheral nationalism	4.82%		[13]
	IP			Willy Meyer	Socialism Communism	3.71%		[14]
	UPyD			Francisco Sosa Wagner	Social liberalism Radical centrism	2.85%		[15]
	LPD			Josu Juaristi	Left-wing nationalism Socialism	2.14%		[16]
	EPDD			Josep Maria Terricabras	Catalan independence Social democracy	1.41%		[17]
	PE			Jordi Sebastià	Green politics Ecologism Eco-socialism	0.27%		[18]
	C's			Javier Nart	Social liberalism	0.14%
	Vox			Alejo Vidal-Quadras	Social conservatism Neoconservatism	[19] [20]
	Podemos			Pablo Iglesias	Left-wing populism Democratic socialism	[21] [22] [23]

Campaign

Party slogans

		Original slogan	English translation
	PP	« Lo que está en juego es el futuro »	"What is at stake is the future"	[24]
	PSOE	« Tú mueves Europa »	"You move Europe"
	CEU CiU–RI.cat EAJ/PNV CCa–PNC CxG	« Guanyem-nos Europa » : « Euskadi gehiago, Europa berrian » / « Más Euskadi en otra Europa » : « Exigente por Canarias » : « A Europa que queremos »	"Let us win Europe for us" : "More Basque Country in another Europe" : "Being demanding for the Canaries" : "The Europe we want"
	IP	« El poder de la gente »	"The power of people"
	UPyD	« La unión hace la fuerza »	"In the union lies the strength"	[25]
	LPD EH Bildu BNG	« Herriek erabaki » / « Los pueblos deciden » : « Rebélate polos teus dereitos »	"The peoples decide" : "Rebel for your rights!"	[26] [27]
	EPDD	« Comencem el nou país. Ara a Europa »	"Let us begin the new country. Now in Europe"
	PE	« La Europa de las personas » « Por fin, la Primavera »	"The Europe of people" "At last, the Spring"	[28] [29]
	C's	« La fuerza de la unión »	"Strength lies in the union"	[30]
	Vox	« La solución es cambiar »	"The solution is to change"
	Podemos	« ¿Cuándo fue la última vez que votaste con ilusión? »	"When was the last time you voted with hope?"	[31]

Development

The electoral campaign started at 12:00 am on 9 May. However, a traffic accident in Badajoz the previous night resulting in the deaths of five people—one adult and four children—and 12 injured forced the suspension of the start of the campaign in Extremadura.^[32]

On Monday 12 May, Isabel Carrasco, president of the provincial government of Leon and member of the PP, was shot dead in the street.^[33] Policial investigation concluded that the crime's motive was score-settling, since the two women arrested for committing the crime, wife and daughter of the police chief inspector in the nearby town of Astorga, were PP members;^{[34] [35]} one of them having been previously fired from the provincial deputation presided by Carrasco.^[36] This event forced another suspension of the campaign for 24 hours by most major political parties, except for some minoritary parties—such as EH Bildu and the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)—which chose not to stop their campaigns.^{[37] [38]}

Election debates

2014 European Parliament election debates in Spain

Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)
			PP	PSOE	CEU	IP	UPyD	EPDD	Audience	Refs
15 May	RTVE	María Casado			NI	NI	NI	NI	12.7%	[39] [40]
19 May	RTVE	María Casado	S	S					4.2%	[41]

Opinion polls

The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Turnout												Lead
2014 EP election	25 May 2014		43.8		26.1	23.0	5.4	10.0	6.5	4.0	2.1	3.2	1.9	1.6	8.0	3.1
La Gaceta[42]	25 May 2014	?	?		32.3	30.8	4.4	9.7	5.4	3.3	1.5	2.7	0.9	1.4	2.5	1.5
TNS Demoscopia[43]	25 May 2014	?	?		?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
COPE	25 May 2014	?	?		?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
GAD3/ABC[44]	23 May 2014	?	44.0		?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
DYM/Libertad Digital[45]	18 May 2014	?	45		33.5	25.7	7.9	12.2	7.0	3.5	?	1.7	0.3	2.0	2.4	7.8
NC Report/La Razón[46] [47]	8–17 May 2014	900	43.2		32.5	29.7	4.5	11.8	6.1	?	?	?	?	?	?	2.8
Celeste-Tel/eldiario.es[48] [49]	12–16 May 2014	1,100	39.7		31.5	30.5	4.2	9.9	6.0	2.7	2.1	3.5	2.3	1.4	2.1	1.0
Invymark/laSexta[50]	12–16 May 2014	?	?		35.4	28.6	5.6	10.2	6.9	4.1	2.0	?	?	?	1.5	6.8
GAD3/ABC[51] [52]	12–16 May 2014	1,200	41.0		33.8	27.9	5.0	8.9	5.3	3.2	1.8	2.9	1.4	0.9	3.5	5.9
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[53]	13–15 May 2014	1,111	?		33.8	25.7	5.2	10.3	6.2	2.8	1.6	2.9	1.5	1.3	3.1	8.1
Metroscopia/El País[54]	8–13 May 2014	1,200	43		32.6	31.1	4.3	11.0	4.5	5.6	?	2.3	1.7	?	2.4	1.5
GESOCLAB[55]	11 May 2014	?	?		31.0	28.8	5.4	10.5	6.3	4.4	1.5	1.3	1.1	0.6	1.5	2.2
NC Report/La Razón[56]	11 May 2014	?	?		32.8	29.9	?	11.9	6.2	?	?	?	?	?	?	2.9
Celeste-Tel/eldiario.es[57] [58]	2–8 May 2014	1,100	39.9		31.7	30.8	4.2	10.1	6.1	2.5	2.0	2.8	2.5	1.6	2.0	0.9
Feedback/La Vanguardia[59]	30 Apr–8 May 2014	1,500	48.5		33.1	29.8	5.6	10.3	6.3	3.4	1.8	2.9	?	?	?	3.3
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[60]	28 Apr–8 May 2014	1,000	?		34.9	28.4	5.5	8.8	5.6	?	1.6	2.3	?	?	1.8	6.5
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[61]	22–30 Apr 2014	1,000	?		34.3	29.7	4.9	8.5	5.9	2.8	?	1.7	?	?	1.6	4.6
Demoscopia Servicios/esRadio[62] [63]	22–30 Apr 2014	1,800	?		32.7	30.5	4.5	12.4	7.8	2.3	1.8	1.9	<1.0	1.8	<1.0	2.2
Sondea/Público[64] [65]	9–30 Apr 2014	1,995	45		28.7	24.8	3.9	13.5	7.6	4.1	1.2	3.6	2.2	1.0	4.7	3.9
Random EOMS/IU[66]	22–28 Apr 2014	1,000	High		29.5	23.6	5.6	13.6	9.2	3.7	1.5	2.4	2.3	1.3	2.9	5.9
			Low		32.2	29.9	4.0	12.0	6.5	3.8	0.9	2.1	1.7	0.9	2.5	2.3
CIS[67]	7–26 Apr 2014	4,737	?		33.7	31.0	5.5	9.3	5.3	3.7	2.1	1.2	1.2	0.5	1.8	2.7
GAD3/ABC[68] [69]	21–25 Apr 2014	1,007	41.2		33.2	28.6	4.9	10.7	6.7	2.3	2.2	1.4	1.3	0.7	1.0	4.6
Metroscopia/El País[70] [71]	21–24 Apr 2014	1,200	43		32.6	32.2	4.7	12.0	4.6	4.2	?	2.1	1.8	?	?	0.4
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[72]	10–24 Apr 2014	1,000	?		33.8	30.3	?	9.6	7.0	3.0	?	?	?	?	?	3.5
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[73]	10–15 Apr 2014	1,000	?		33.1	30.2	4.2	10.4	7.2	3.2	1.3	2.3	1.1	1.1	1.2	2.9
Invymark/laSexta[74]	7–11 Apr 2014	?	?		32.8	30.4	–	13.0	9.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.4
NC Report/La Razón[75]	17–22 Mar 2014	900	42.0		30.4	28.3	4.5	12.1	7.3	3.9	–	2.8	3.2	2.2	–	2.1
Invymark/laSexta[76]	17–21 Mar 2014	?	?		32.6	30.9	–	13.2	9.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.7
Metroscopia/El País[77] [78]	11–19 Mar 2014	1,600	40	25.7		29.0	4.0	14.1	8.4	4.5	1.8	2.0	1.2	0.9	0.8	3.3
Metroscopia/El País[79] [80]	12–20 Feb 2014	1,200	46	26.3		28.1	5.1	14.5	8.1	3.3	–	1.7	–	–	–	1.8
Sondeos R.A.[81]	13–15 Feb 2014	400	48.5	28.3		29.0	5.0	12.6	8.7	3.2	–	3.5	–	–	–	0.7
GAD3/ABC[82]	5–13 Feb 2014	1,000	41.0		31.2	29.2	5.1	11.1	7.7	3.4	–	1.3	–	1.4	–	2.0
DYM/El Confidencial[83]	27 Jan–10 Feb 2014	1,165	50	28.2		30.3	3.0	13.5	6.3	4.8	–	–	–	–	–	2.1
Demoscopia Servicios/esRadio[84]	9 Feb 2014	?	?		30.1	27.3	–	13.7	?	–	–	?	–	3.8	–	2.8
Invymark/laSexta	3–7 Feb 2014	?	?		33.3	30.0	–	12.7	9.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.3
NC Report/La Razón[85] [86]	27–31 Jan 2014	900	41.6		30.1	28.1	4.6	12.4	7.7	4.2	–	2.7	3.1	2.2	–	2.0
GESOP/El Periódico[87]	20–23 Jan 2014	1,000	?		31.6	28.0	5.2	11.5	9.3	3.4	–	3.1	–	–	–	3.6
Metroscopia/El País[88] [89]	17–23 Jan 2014	1,200	46	26.4		28.0	5.3	14.5	8.0	5.1	–	2.0	–	–	–	1.6
Invymark/laSexta[90]	16–20 Dec 2013	?	42.4		34.5	31.7	–	12.4	9.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.8
GESOP/El Periódico[91]	25–28 Nov 2013	1,000	?		32.4	27.9	4.8	9.9	8.3	4.8	–	3.5	–	–	–	4.5
Metroscopia/El País[92] [93]	7 Oct–14 Nov 2013	3,600	46		29.0	27.9	4.3	14.3	8.2	5.5	–	–	–	–	–	1.1
NC Report/La Razón[94]	28–31 Oct 2013	?	41.5		32.0	27.9	5.0	12.7	8.9	4.8	–	–	2.8	–	–	4.1
GESOP/El Periódico[95]	25–28 Jun 2013	1,000	?		32.1	28.5	3.5	12.4	9.0	4.0	–	–	–	–	–	3.6
DYM/ZoomNews[96]	12–25 Jun 2013	1,051	?		31.6	27.9	6.0	18.1	5.5	5.9	–	–	–	–	–	3.7
Simple Lógica[97]	3–11 Jun 2013	1,018	41.6		33.6	25.9	5.5	11.6	11.1	4.4	–	–	–	–	–	7.7
Metroscopia/El País[98] [99]	5–6 Jun 2013	1,000	50–52		27.2	26.0	4.8	14.7	10.3	5.1	–	–	–	–	–	1.2
JM&A/La Voz de Galicia[100]	19 Apr 2013	?	37.4		29.6	26.7	–	11.0	9.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.9
2009 EP election	7 Jun 2009		44.9		42.1	38.8	5.1	3.7	2.9	2.5	1.1	0.1	–	–	–	3.3

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size														Lead
2014 EP election	25 May 2014			11.7	10.4	2.4	4.5	2.9	1.8	0.9	1.4	0.9	0.7	3.6		54.2	1.3
Metroscopia/El País[101]	8–13 May 2014	1,200		12.6	12.3	1.8	7.6	3.1	2.7	0.9	1.4	1.0	0.7	1.2	32.1	15.1	0.3
Random EOMS/IU	22–28 Apr 2014	1,000		15.7	12.1	–	9.1	6.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.6
CIS	7–26 Apr 2014	4,737		14.2	14.1	2.6	5.2	3.0	2.4	1.0	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.8	25.9	23.8	0.1
Metroscopia/El País	21–24 Apr 2014	1,200		15.8	12.1	1.9	6.7	3.3	1.7	0.8	1.0	1.2	0.3	1.1	34.2	12.1	3.7
Metroscopia/El País	11–19 Mar 2014	1,600	11.6		13.2	1.7	6.4	4.0	2.0	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.3	39.3	12.3	1.6
Metroscopia/El País	12–20 Feb 2014	1,200	11.6		12.8	2.4	8.3	4.1	1.7	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.4	34.3	15.8	1.2
GESOP/El Periódico[102]	20–23 Jan 2014	1,000		15.5	13.8	2.7	6.3	4.6	1.1	0.5	1.5	0.3	–	–	32.9	13.6	1.7
Metroscopia/El País	17–23 Jan 2014	1,200		11.3		11.3	2.8	6.2	3.0	1.8	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.2	0.2	38.8	16.3	Tie
GESOP/El Periódico[103]	25–28 Nov 2013	1,000	13.7		15.4	1.8	6.5	3.9	1.6	0.7	1.8	0.6	–	–	29.7	15.7	1.7
Metroscopia/El País	7 Oct–14 Nov 2013	3,600		12.5	11.2	1.4	6.5	3.2	2.2	–	–	–	–	–	40.1	14.2	1.3
GESOP/El Periódico[104]	25–28 Jun 2013	1,000	14.0		14.4	1.2	6.0	3.8	1.2	0.6	–	0.4	–	–	30.3	18.8	0.4
Simple Lógica	3–11 Jun 2013	1,018		12.2	8.3	2.3	5.4	4.2	2.2	–	–	–	–	–	24.1	36.5	3.9
2009 EP election	7 Jun 2009			19.3	17.6	2.3	1.7	1.3	1.1	0.5	0.1	–	–	–		54.0	1.7

Victory preferences

The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a European Parliament election taking place.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size			Other/ None		Lead
Feedback/La Vanguardia	30 Apr–8 May 2014	1,500	25.1		37.4	26.9	10.6	12.3
Metroscopia/El País	11–19 Mar 2014	1,600	20.0		38.0	21.0	21.0	18.0

Victory likelihood

The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a European Parliament election taking place.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size												Other/ None		Lead
Feedback/La Vanguardia	30 Apr–8 May 2014	1,500		54.8	19.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.9	22.2	35.7
CIS	7–26 Apr 2014	4,737		45.3	13.7	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	1.5	37.9	31.6

Results

Overall

← Summary of the 25 May 2014 European Parliament election results in Spain →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	4,098,339	26.09	–16.03	16	–8
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	3,614,232	23.01	–15.77	14	–9
	Plural Left (IP)1	1,575,308	10.03	+6.32	6	+4
	We Can (Podemos)	1,253,837	7.98	New	5	+5
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	1,022,232	6.51	+3.66	4	+3
	Coalition for Europe (CEU)2	851,971	5.42	+0.60	3	±0
	The Left for the Right to Decide (EPDD)3	630,072	4.01	+2.60	2	+1
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)4	497,146	3.16	+3.02	2	+2
	The Peoples Decide (LPD)5	326,464	2.08	–0.06	1	+1
	European Spring (PE)6	302,266	1.92	+1.56	1	+1
	Vox (Vox)	246,833	1.57	New	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	177,499	1.13	+0.87	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB)	115,682	0.74	New	0	±0
	Citizens' Democratic Renewal Movement (RED)	105,666	0.67	New	0	±0
	X Party, Party of the Future (Partido X)	100,561	0.64	New	0	±0
	Andalusian Party (PA)7	49,523	0.32	+0.15	0	±0
	Pirate Confederation–European Pirates (Piratas)	38,690	0.25	New	0	±0
	Asturias Forum (FAC)	32,962	0.21	New	0	±0
	Electors' Group for the Disabled and Rare Diseases (DER)	32,833	0.21	New	0	±0
	Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)	30,827	0.20	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	29,324	0.19	+0.09	0	±0
	Feminist Initiative (IFem)	23,140	0.15	+0.09	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	21,687	0.14	+0.08	0	±0
	United Free Citizens (CILUS)	18,287	0.12	New	0	±0
	Social Impulse (Impulso Social)8	17,879	0.11	–0.08	0	±0
	Spain on the Move (LEM)	17,035	0.11	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	14,896	0.09	+0.05	0	±0
	National Democracy (DN)	13,079	0.08	+0.02	0	±0
	Europe Project (ACNV–BAR–PRAO–REPO–UNIO)	11,502	0.07	New	0	±0
	Land Party (PT)	9,940	0.06	New	0	±0
	Individual Freedom Party (P–LIB)	9,670	0.06	New	0	±0
	Republican Social Movement (MSR)	8,909	0.06	+0.02	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)	8,821	0.06	+0.03	0	±0
	Republican Alternative (ALTER)	8,593	0.05	New	0	±0
	For the Republic, for the Rupture with the European Union (RRUE)9	8,309	0.05	–0.03	0	±0
	Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn)	6,929	0.04	±0.00	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	6,759	0.04	+0.01	0	±0
	Extremadurans for Europe (IPEx–PREx–CREx)	5,967	0.04	New	0	±0
	Red Current Movement (MCR)	4,980	0.03	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		361,567	2.30	+0.91
Total		15,710,216			54	±0
Valid votes		15,710,216	98.20	–1.18
Invalid votes		287,925	1.80	+1.18
Votes cast / turnout		15,998,141	43.81	–1.09
Abstentions		20,515,943	56.19	+1.09
Registered voters		36,514,084
Sources[105] [106]

Distribution by European group

Summary of political group distribution in the 8th European Parliament (2014–2019)

Groups		Parties	Seats	Total	%
	European People's Party (EPP)	People's Party (PP) Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)	16 1	17	31.48
	Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D)	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	14	14	25.93
	European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL)	We Can (Podemos) United Left (IU) Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood (Anova) Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	5 4 1 1	11	20.37
	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	4 2 1 1	8	14.81
	Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA)	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) New Catalan Left (NECat) Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) Commitment Coalition (Compromís)	1 1 1 1	4	7.41
Total			54	54	100.00

Elected legislators

The following table lists the elected legislators:^[107]

Elected legislators
	Name	List
1			PP
2			PSOE
3			PP
4			PSOE
5			IP
6			PP
7			Podemos
8			PSOE
9			PP
10			UPyD
11			PSOE
12			CEU
13			PP
14	Paloma López Bermejo		IP
15			PSOE
16			PP
17			EPDD
18			Podemos
19			PSOE
20			PP
21			IP
22			PSOE
23			PP
24			UPyD
25			C's
26			PP
27			PSOE
28			CEU
29			Podemos
30			PP
31			PSOE
32			IP
33			PP
34			PSOE
35			PP
36			UPyD
37			PSOE
38	Iosu Mirena Juaristi Abaunz		LPD
39			PP
40			EPDD
41			IP
42			Podemos
43			PE
44			PSOE
45			PP
46			CEU
47			PSOE
48			PP
49	Ángela Rosa Vallina de la Noval		IP
50			PSOE
51			PP
52			UPyD
53			Podemos
54			C's

Outcome

The election resulted in a massive loss of support for the two main political parties of Spain, which together fell from a combined total of 80.9% in the previous European election to a record-low 49.1% of the vote (a net total of −31.8 pp, about −16.0 each one).^[108] Podemos, a party founded four months previously running on an anti-austerity platform, won an unprecedented 8.0% of the vote and 5 out of 54 seats to the European Parliament; the best result ever scored in Spain by a newly created party in its first electoral test.^[109]

The People's Party (PP) came out on top in most autonomous communities except in Andalusia, Asturias and Extremadura, where the PSOE won; the Basque Country, where the PNV prevailed; and Catalonia, where ERC scored first place for the first time in 80 years. In these last two communities the PP polled in fourth and fifth places, respectively. Significant were, however, their results in Madrid, Valencian Community and Murcia; in the first two it polled below the 30% mark for the first time in 25 years, while in the latter it experienced a spectacular drop in support, falling from the 60% mark it had maintained since the 2000 general election to below 40% of the vote. Also, except for the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, it didn't surpass the 40% mark in any region, not even its strongholds of Galicia (where it polled a mere 35%), Castile and León or Castile-La Mancha (38% in both of them).

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), except for those communities where it won, experienced a significant drop in support. It suffered most notably in Catalonia and the Basque Country (where it finished in third place). In Catalonia in particular, the PSOE's sister party, the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC), had previously won all general and European elections held in the region—except for those of 1994 and 2011, where it polled second just behind Convergence and Union.

Other parties benefiting from the collapse in support for the PP and PSOE parties were United Left-led Plural Left (IP) coalition, which with a 10.0% obtained its best results nationally since 1996, and Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD), whose 6.5% would remain the highest the party would win in a nationwide election before their decline throughout 2015. The Citizens party (C's) entered the European Parliament with 2 seats and 3.2% of the vote.^[110]

Aftermath

The election backlash had immediate consequences on the Socialist party (PSOE), which scored its worst result ever in an election held at a nationwide scale: a bare 23.0% of the vote, compared to the already disappointing results the party had obtained in the general election of 2011, with 28.8%. Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, which had won the party's leadership on a 2012 party federal congress, announced his intention to resign from his post after his party holds an extraordinary federal congress on 19–20 July to elect a new leadership.^[111] Rubalcaba also announced his intention not to run in the primaries that would elect the party's candidate for the next general election.^[112] Several regional party leaders followed suit and announced their intention to hold regional extraordinary party congresses as well.^[113]

On the other hand, People's Party (PP) leaders refused to publicly acknowledge the negative results of the party in the election, despite losing 40% of its 2009 vote and scoring the worst result the party has obtained in a national election since 1989, instead opting to highlight the fact that "they had won the election".^[114] Despite this, the party had to cancel the victory celebration that was to be held in their national headquarters in Madrid due to the poor affluence of party supporters which went to the place, an evidence of worser than expected election results.^{[115] [116]} Concerns arose among party regional leaders on the prospects of such electoral results being displayed at the local and regional level in the May 2015 elections, something which could potentially force the PP out from the government of party strongholds' such as Madrid and Valencia.^[117]

On 26 May El País ran the headline "Harsh punishment to PP and PSOE",^[118] whilst El Mundo declared that "bipartisanship crumbles".^[119] International media focused instead on the rise of Podemos party, with the BBC headlining that "Spain's 'we can' party proves it can" or "Spain's Podemos party challenges system",^{[120] [121]} while others stated how the final election results "stunned analysts and pollsters".^{[122] [123]}

Abdication of King Juan Carlos I

One week after the election, Spanish King Juan Carlos I announced his intention to abdicate in favour of his son, Felipe.^[124] Allegedly, the election results had no influence in the King's abdication. Rather, the elderly monarch had taken the decision the day of his 76th birthday in January and had spoken about it with Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy on 31 March and with opposition leader Rubalcaba three days later, but it was not until after the election that he announced it in order not to affect the electoral process.^{[125] [126]} However, abdication was not regulated under the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and thus required the approval of an Organic Law on the matter.^{[127] [128]} PP, PSOE, UPyD, Canarian Coalition (CC), Asturias Forum (FAC) and the Navarrese People's Union (UPN) all pledged their support to the law's approval.^[129] Attention then turned to the PSOE leader Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba as rumours spread about him not resigning right away the day after the election to keep controlling the party so as to ensure the affirmative vote of its parliamentary group on the law.^[130] This was received with criticism from several of the party's regional federations but also from its members and the Socialist Youth, openly republican, who demanded the party ask for a referendum on the monarchy issue.^{[131] [132]}

Furthermore, there was speculation on the opportunity of the King abdicating at the time he did. In fact, due to the crisis of the bipartisanship self-evidenced by the European election results, the idea of the King announcing his decision before the 2015 general election, when the election results could translate into PP and PSOE losing a host of seats in the Congress of Deputies, making the building of large majorities more difficult, became extended among public opinion.^[133] The fact that the future of the PSOE's position on the monarchy, as well as the future of the party itself, looked uncertain after the debacle in the European election and Rubalcaba's resignation seemed to have also played a key part in precipitating the King's decision.^[134] Prime Minister Rajoy said, on the day the King announced he would abdicate, that "This is the best time [for it to happen], within a short time the Prince shall be proclaimed King".^[135]

References

Opinion poll sources

Other

Bibliography

• y . Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General . Organic Law . 5/1985 . 19 June 1985 . version as of 16 July 2011 . . 147 . 0212-033X . BOE-A-1985-11672 . es . 30 January 2020 . .
• Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007 . 17 December 2007 . . 50 . 1725-2423 . . 11 November 2023 . .
• European Council Decision (EU) establishing the composition of the European Parliament . European Council Decision (EU) . 2013/312 . 28 June 2013 . . 56 . 1725-2423 . . 12 July 2024 . .

External links

• European elections Spain in Europe Politique.

Notes and References

1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. Web site: Reig Pellicer . Naiara . 16 December 2015 . Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote . cafebabel.co.uk . 17 July 2017.
7. .
8. Web site: Gallagher . Michael . 30 July 2012 . Effective threshold in electoral systems . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php . dead . 30 July 2017 . Trinity College, Dublin . 22 July 2017.
9. Web site: Parlamento Europeo: Distribución de los Eurodiputados españoles en grupos parlamentarios . es . Historia Electoral.com . 21 October 2021.
10. .
11. News: Manetto . Francesco . Cué . Carlos . 9 April 2014 . Cañete será el cabeza de lista del PP . es . El País . Madrid . 16 January 2019.
12. News: Alcaide . Soledad . 10 February 2014 . Elena Valenciano será la cabeza de lista de la candidatura del PSOE a las europeas . es . El País . Madrid . 16 January 2019.
13. News: Roger . Maiol . 13 January 2014 . CDC confiará en Tremosa para las europeas si falla la coalición unitaria . es . El País . Barcelona . 16 January 2019.
14. News: 1 March 2014 . IU elige por tercera vez a Willy Meyer para encabezar su lista europea . es . El Mundo . Madrid . 16 January 2019.
15. News: 18 January 2014 . Francisco Sosa Wagner liderará la candidatura de UPyD a las europeas . es . La Nueva España . León . 16 January 2019.
16. News: 31 January 2014 . El exdirector de 'Gara' Josu Juaristi será el candidato de EH Bildu a las europeas . es . El País . 15 February 2020.
17. News: 9 May 2014 . Terricabras quiere cambiar la Europa "mercadera y mercenaria" . es . Europa Press . 22 January 2019.
18. News: 22 March 2014 . Jordi Sebastià gana las primarias de Compromís para las europeas . es . Diario Información . 15 February 2020.
19. News: Quintero . L.F. . Alonso . Mariano . 14 January 2014 . Nace Vox, el partido político de Santiago Abascal y Ortega Lara . es . Libertad Digital . 2 November 2020.
20. News: 23 March 2014 . Vidal-Quadras encabezará la candidatura de Vox para las elecciones europeas . es . El Confidencial . 2 November 2020.
21. News: Sánchez . Juan Luis . Gil . Andrés . 14 January 2014 . Pablo Iglesias prepara su candidatura a las europeas: "Me han pedido que dé el paso" . es . eldiario,es . 2 November 2020.
22. News: Castro . Irene . 17 January 2014 . Pablo Iglesias lanza la candidatura 'Podemos' y apela a que Izquierda Unida reaccione . es . eldiario,es . 2 November 2020.
23. News: Riveiro . Aitor . 3 April 2014 . Pablo Iglesias se impone en las primarias de Podemos para las europeas . es . eldiario,es . 2 November 2020.
24. Web site: 9 May 2014 . Campaña electoral europea: candidatos, lemas y programas . es . masconsulting.es . Mas Consulting . 22 January 2019.
25. News: 18 January 2014 . Francisco Sosa Wagner liderará la candidatura de UPyD a las europeas . es . El Mundo . León . 16 January 2019.
26. News: 24 April 2014 . El BNG no suscribirá créditos y renuncia a la subvención y a enviar propaganda . es . Europa Press . 22 January 2019.
27. News: 7 May 2014 . PNV abrirá campaña en Hondarribia, EH Bildu en Pamplona, PP y Vox en Vitoria y PSE-EE, UPyD y Ezker Anitza-IU en Bilbao . es . Europa Press . 22 January 2019.
28. News: 30 April 2014 . 'Por fin, la Primavera', lema de campaña de la coalición liderada por Equo, Compromís y CHA . es . infoLibre . 22 January 2019.
29. News: 9 May 2014 . Ángela Labordeta (CHA) solicita el voto para "transformar la Europa de los mercados en la de las personas" . es . 20 minutos . 22 January 2019.
30. News: 7 May 2014 . UPyD y C's concurren con dos lemas 'calcados': 'La unión hace la fuerza' y 'La fuerza de la unión' . es . Europa Press . 22 January 2019.
31. News: 25 May 2014 . Podemos triunfa en las urnas, con sólo cuatro meses . es . Público . 22 January 2019.
32. News: EFE . 8 May 2014 . El inicio de la campaña electoral en Extremadura queda suspendido . es . ABC . 12 July 2024.
33. News: EFE . 12 May 2014 . Matan a tiros a la presidenta de la Diputación y del PP de León, Isabel Carrasco . es . El Mundo . León / Madrid . 12 July 2024.
34. News: 12 May 2014 . Las detenidas por el asesinato de Isabel Carrasco son militantes del PP . es . Libertad Digital . 12 July 2024.
35. News: Calleja . José María . 13 May 2014 . Dos militantes del PP asesinan presuntamente a una dirigente del PP . es . eldiario.es . 12 July 2024.
36. News: Agencia ICAL . 12 May 2014 . Interior confirma “que todo apunta a una venganza personal” . es . iLeón . 12 July 2024.
37. News: Agencias . 12 May 2014 . Los partidos suspenden sus actos de campaña tras el asesinato de Isabel Carrasco en León . es . RTVE . 12 July 2024.
38. News: Bildu y BNG no suspenden la campaña tras el asesinato de Isabel Carrasco . es . ABC . 13 May 2014 . 14 July 2014 . 13 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140513061706/http://www.abc.es/elecciones-europeas/20140512/abci-suspenso-campana-electoral-201405122106.html . dead.
39. News: 11 May 2014 . María Casado será la presentadora del debate televisado entre Valenciano y Cañete . es . Europa Press . Madrid . 23 January 2019.
40. News: 16 May 2014 . Discreto interés por el 'eurodebate' Valenciano-Cañete en TVE (9.5%) . es . eldiario.es . 23 January 2019.
41. News: EFE . 20 May 2014 . El debate a seis de las elecciones europeas se estrella en La 1 . es . El Mundo . 23 January 2019.
42. Web site: El PP gana las elecciones europeas por estrecho margen, según los sondeos a pie de urna . es . La Gaceta . 25 May 2014.
43. Web site: Sondeos a pie de urna . es . Twitter . 25 May 2014.
44. Web site: Big bang electoral . es . ABC Sevilla . 1 June 2014.
45. Web site: El PP saca 8 puntos al PSOE y Vox alcanza un escaño . es . Libertad Digital . 18 May 2014.
46. Web site: El PP aventaja al PSOE en 2,8 puntos en la recta final . es . La Razón . 19 May 2014.
47. Web site: Encuesta mayo 2014 . es . La Razón . 19 May 2014.
48. Web site: Se confirma la previsión de abstención récord y el desgaste de PP y PSOE . es . eldiario.es . 19 May 2014.
49. Web site: Barómetro Parlamento Europeo. Mes de mayo de 2014–Segunda oleada . es . Celeste-Tel . 19 May 2014.
50. Web site: El PP triunfaría en las elecciones europeas con casi siete puntos de ventaja sobre el PSOE . es . laSexta . 19 May 2014.
51. Web site: La recuperación económica impulsa el voto del PP y hunde más al PSOE . es . ABC . 18 May 2014.
52. Web site: Encuesta elecciones europeas de GAD3 para ABC- 16 de mayo . es . GAD3 . 16 May 2014.
53. Web site: El auge de los minoritarios lastra al PSOE y a su líder . es . El Mundo . 19 May 2014.
54. Web site: Abstención récord y resultado ajustado . es . El País . 17 May 2014.
55. Web site: GESOCLAB . es . 11 May 2014 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224240/https://fbcdn-sphotos-c-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-frc1/t1.0-9/1939453_759414537412551_2073806727737457024_n.png . 12 May 2014 .
56. Web site: El PP ganaría las europeas al PSOE con casi tres puntos de ventaja . es . La Razón . 11 May 2014.
57. Web site: PP y PSOE perderán uno de cada tres votos en las europeas . es . eldiario.es . 13 May 2014.
58. Web site: Barómetro Parlamento Europeo. Mes de mayo de 2014 . es . Celeste-Tel . 13 May 2014.
59. Web site: El PP cae 9 puntos pero arranca la campaña con ventaja sobre el PSOE . es . La Vanguardia . 11 May 2014.
60. Web site: El PP se dispara con 6,5 puntos sobre el PSOE . es . El Mundo . 11 May 2014.
61. Web site: El PP mantiene la tendencia al alza y aventaja ya al PSOE en 4,6 puntos . es . El Mundo . 3 May 2014.
62. Web site: Sin Complejos completo 03/05/2014 . es . esRadio . 3 May 2014.
63. Web site: SPAIN (EP 2014), April 2014. Demoscopia y Servicios . es . Electograph . 3 May 2014.
64. Web site: Un sondeo acentúa la caída de los dos grandes partidos españoles . es . Público . 13 May 2014.
65. Web site: Intención de voto, estimación de resultados e interés por la campaña . es . Sondea Investigación Social . 13 May 2014 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20140517133111/http://sondeainvestigacionsocial.com/elecciones-al-parlamento-europeo/intencion-de-voto-y-estimacion-de-resultados/ . 17 May 2014 .
66. Web site: Sondeo preelectoral sobre las elecciones europeas . es . IU . 28 April 2014.
67. Web site: Preelectoral Elecciones al Parlamento Europeo 2014 (Estudio nº 3022. Abril 2014) . es . CIS . 8 May 2014.
68. Web site: El PP recupera confianza y supera por tres escaños a un PSOE abatido . es . ABC . 27 April 2014.
69. Web site: Encuesta de GAD3 para ABC: Elecciones Europeas 25 de mayo . es . GAD3 . 26 April 2014.
70. Web site: Los sondeos dan un empate entre el PP y el PSOE con una abstención altísima . es . El País . 27 April 2014.
71. Web site: Elecciones europeas. Barómetro preelectoral: abril 2014 . es . Metroscopia . 28 April 2014.
72. Web site: El PP ajusta al alza su ventaja . es . El Mundo . 27 April 2014.
73. Web site: PP y PSOE perderían más de 17 puntos en las europeas . es . El Mundo . 20 April 2014.
74. Web site: El voto en las europeas está fragmentado y de momento no se perfila ganador claro . es . laSexta . 12 April 2014.
75. Web site: Encuesta abril 2014 . es . La Razón . 2 April 2014.
76. Web site: Al 85% de los españoles no les preocupa no conocer al candidato popular para las europeas . es . laSexta . 22 March 2014.
77. Web site: El PSOE arranca la movilización de sus electores para el 25-M . es . El País . 22 March 2014.
78. Web site: Elecciones europeas. Barómetro preelectoral: marzo 2014 . es . Metroscopia . 24 March 2014.
79. Web site: Valenciano mantiene la mínima ventaja del PSOE frente al PP en las europeas . es . El País . 22 February 2014.
80. Web site: Elecciones europeas. Barómetro preelectoral: febrero 2014 . es . Metroscopia . 24 February 2014.
81. Web site: ENCUESTA-TRACK ELECTORAL Elecciones Europeas en España (I) . es . Sondeos R.A. España . 17 February 2014 . bot: unknown . https://archive.today/20140216231254/http://sondeosraesp.blogspot.com.es/2014/02/encuesta-track-electoral-elecciones.html . 16 February 2014 .
82. Web site: El PP ganaría hoy las elecciones europeas con 20 escaños frente a 18 del PSOE . es . ABC Sevilla . 17 February 2014.
83. Web site: El PSOE ganaría las europeas: 19 escaños frente a 17 del PP, 'mordido' por VOX y C'S . es . El Confidencial . 14 February 2014.
84. Web site: Tertulia de Luis del Pino: Las estrategias judiciales de la Infanta . es . esRadio . 9 February 2014.
85. Web site: El PP ganaría las elecciones europeas . es . La Razón . 3 February 2014.
86. Web site: Encuesta enero 2014 . es . La Razón . 3 February 2014.
87. Web site: El PP sigue en cabeza para las europeas aunque pierde apoyos . es . El Periódico de Catalunya . 3 February 2014.
88. Web site: El PSOE aventaja al PP en las europeas . es . El País . 25 January 2014.
89. Web site: Elecciones al Parlamento Europeo 2014: estimación de voto . es . Metroscopia . 29 January 2014.
90. Web site: El PP ganaría las elecciones europeas según el barómetro de laSexta . es . laSexta . 29 December 2013.
91. Web site: Unas europeas poco atractivas . es . El Periódico de Catalunya . 6 December 2013.
92. Web site: PP y PSOE empatarían en las elecciones a la Eurocámara de mayo . es . El País . 17 November 2013.
93. Web site: El clima político de cara a las Europeas de 2014: un reflejo del nacional . es . Metroscopia . 19 November 2013.
94. Web site: El PP aventaja en 4,1 puntos al PSOE a seis meses de las elecciones europeas . es . La Razón . 4 November 2013.
95. Web site: Las europeas solo motivan a uno de cada cinco españoles . es . El Periódico de Catalunya . 5 July 2013.
96. Web site: La fidelidad de voto del PP se derrumba ante las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo . es . ZoomNews . 8 July 2013 . 2 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130713132524/http://www.zoomnews.es/67981/actualidad/espana/fidelidad-voto-del-pp-se-derrumba-las-elecciones-al-parlamento-europeo . 13 July 2013 . dead . dmy-all .
97. Web site: Índices de Opinión Pública. Parlamento Europeo . es . Simple Lógica . 11 June 2013 . 2 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131210173804/http://www.simplelogica.com/iop/iop13009.asp . 10 December 2013 . dead .
98. Web site: Intención de voto . es . El País . 8 June 2013.
99. Web site: Clima Social de España (48ª oleada. Junio 2013) . es . Metroscopia . 7 June 2013 . 15 July 2017 . 1 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031701/http://metroscopia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/informe-clima-social-48-junio-2013.pdf . dead .
100. Web site: Las elecciones europeas preocupan a los políticos . es . La Voz de Galicia . 19 April 2013 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20130423014324/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/opinion/2013/04/19/elecciones-europeas-preocupan-politicos/0003_201304G19P14995.htm . 23 April 2013 .
101. Web site: Elecciones Europeas 2014: último sondeo preelectoral . es . Metroscopia . 20 May 2014.
102. Web site: Barómetro político de España. Enero de 2014 . es . GESOP . 3 February 2014.
103. Web site: Barómetro político de España. Noviembre de 2013 . es . GESOP . 6 December 2013.
104. Web site: Barómetro político de España. Junio de 2013 . es . GESOP . 5 July 2013.
105. Web site: Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales . es . . 15 April 2022.
106. Web site: Elecciones Europeas 25 de mayo de 2014 . es . Historia Electoral.com . 21 October 2021.

107. 0212-033X . 142. 12 June 2014. Acuerdo de 11 de junio de 2014, de la Junta Electoral Central, por el que se procede a la proclamación de Diputados electos al Parlamento Europeo en las elecciones celebradas el 25 de mayo de 2014. Boletín Oficial del Estado. 44717–44718.

108. News: Elordi Cué . Carlos . 26 May 2014 . Pierde el bipartidismo tras el fuerte castigo de los electores a PP y PSOE . El País . Madrid . 12 July 2024.
109. News: Jiménez Gálvez . José María . Kadner López . Marien . 26 May 2014 . Podemos se convierte en la sorpresa y logra cinco escaños en Estrasburgo . es . El País . Madrid . 12 July 2024.
110. News: Gutiérrez-Franco . Vera . 25 May 2014 . IU y UPyD confirman su subida y se postulan como bisagras para 2015 . es . El País . Madrid . 12 July 2024.
111. News: Garea . Fernando . 26 May 2014 . Rubalcaba tira la toalla y convoca en julio un congreso extraordinario tras la debacle . es . El País . Madrid . 12 July 2024.
112. News: Garat . Ketty . 25 May 2014 . Rubalcaba anunciará este lunes que no se presenta a las primarias . es . Libertad Digital . 12 July 2024.
113. News: Gorospe . Pedro . 27 May 2014 . Patxi López también se va y pide “una revolución” . es . El País . Bilbao . 12 July 2024.
114. News: J.G.M. . 25 May 2014 . Cospedal destaca que ha ganado el partido que apoya al Gobierno . es . ABC . 12 July 2024.
115. News: Muñoz . F. . 26 May 2014 . Sin balcón en Génova ni ovación en Ferraz, así ha terminado la noche electoral más fría . es . ABC . 12 July 2024.
116. News: 26 May 2014 . El PP cancela la celebración en Génova . es . laSexta . 12 July 2024.
117. News: Europa Press . 26 May 2014 . Aguirre y Fabra, preocupados por los resultados del PP, llaman a la reflexión . es . El Confidencial . 12 July 2024.
118. News: 26 May 2014 . Fuerte castigo a PP y PSOE . es . El País . 12 July 2024.
119. News: 26 May 2014 . El bipartidismo se desmorona . es . El Mundo . 12 July 2024.
120. News: Burridge . Tom . 26 May 2014 . Spain's 'we can' party proves it can . BBC News . Madrid . 12 July 2024.
121. News: 26 May 2014 . Spain's Podemos party challenges system . BBC News . 12 July 2024.
122. News: LoGiurato . Brett . 26 May 2014 . Spain's new left-wing party scored one of the most stunning victories in the European elections . Business Insider . 12 July 2024.
123. News: 26 May 2014 . Spain's new leftwing party stuns pollsters . Financial Times . 12 July 2024.
124. News: Junquera . Natalia . Elordi Cué . Carlos . 2 June 2014 . El Rey abdica . El País . Madrid . 12 July 2024.
125. News: Junquera . Natalia . 2 June 2014 . El Rey tomó la decisión en enero y encargó un informe del proceso . es . El País . Madrid . 12 July 2024.
126. News: 5 June 2014 . El resultado de las elecciones no ha influido en la abdicación del Rey . es . Estrella Digital . 12 July 2024.
127. News: 2 June 2014 . El Gobierno prepara una ley orgánica ceñida a regular la abdicación de Don Juan Carlos . es . La Vanguardia . 12 July 2024.
128. News: 2 June 2014 . King Juan Carlos of Spain abdicates . BBC News . 12 July 2024.
129. News: 3 June 2014 . Garea . Fernando . Elordi Cué . Carlos . La sucesión tendrá casi el 90% de síes . es . El País . Madrid . 12 July 2024.
130. News: 2 June 2014 . Rubalcaba no dimitió para controlar al PSOE en el proceso de abdicación . es . eldiario.es . 12 July 2024.
131. News: E.B. . 2 June 2014 . La renuncia del Rey desata otro cisma en las filas del PSOE . es . El Boletín . 12 July 2024.
132. News: 2 June 2014 . Rajoy, Rubalcaba y Casa Real pactaron el relevo tranquilo de Juan Carlos I . es . eldiario.es . 12 July 2024.
133. News: Zarzalejos . José Antonio . 2 June 2014 . El Rey abdica para salvar a la Monarquía de la crisis institucional . es . El Confidencial . 12 July 2024.
134. News: 9 June 2014 . El Rey confía a sus amigos que la caída de Rubalcaba fue lo que precipitó la abdicación . es . VozPópuli . 12 July 2024.
135. News: Elordi Cué . Carlos . 2 June 2014 . Rajoy: "This is the best time, within a short time the Prince shall be proclaimed King" . es . El País . Madrid . 12 July 2024.