1998 Pacific typhoon season explained

The 1998 Pacific typhoon season was the least active Pacific typhoon season on record, until it was surpassed 12 years later. It would produce 16 tropical storms, 8 strengthening into typhoons.^[1] The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1998 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

The 1998 season was very weak compared to the 1997 season; this was due to the strong El Niño in the previous season. During the 1998 season, a total of 28 tropical depressions developed across the western Pacific basin. Of those 28 depressions, a total of 18 strengthened into tropical storms of which 9 further intensified into typhoons. The first tropical cyclone developed on May 28, marking the fourth latest start to any Pacific typhoon season on record, and the last one dissipated on December 22. The Philippine region also set a record: with only eleven storms forming or moving into its area of responsibility, PAGASA had its quietest season on record, later tying with the 2010 and 2023 seasons. Overall inactivity was caused by an unusually strong La Niña, which also fueled a hyperactive Atlantic hurricane season that year.

Systems

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Tropical Depression 01W (Akang)

The second tropical depression of the season developed out of a tropical disturbance which was first noted 1,080 km (670 mi) north-northwest of Palau on July 6. The disturbance gradually became better organized and was classified as Tropical Depression 01W at 1500 UTC on July 7. Upon becoming a depression, it marked the latest start for a Pacific typhoon season since reliable records began in 1959. The next day, 01W entered the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) area of responsibility and received the local name Akang.^[2] Slowly moving towards the northwest, the depression neared Taiwan. However, increasing vertical wind shear caused the convection associated with the depression to become displaced from the center of circulation. With the center exposed, 01W weakened. At 2100 UTC on July 10, the depression made landfall in northern Taiwan and dissipated shortly after. No known damage was caused by the depression.^[3]

Tropical Storm Nichole

As 01W intensified over the Philippine Sea,^[3] a broad area of low pressure developed in the South China Sea. The low slowly intensified as it moved towards the north-northeast and was declared Tropical Depression 02W early on July 8. Tropical Depression 02W slowly strengthened as northerly outflow was constricted. By late on July 8, the depression was upgraded to a tropical storm and given the name Nichole. The storm reached its peak intensity while just offshore southern Taiwan with winds of 95 km/h (60 mph 1-minute winds) according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)^[3] and 65 km/h (40 mph 10-minute winds) with a minimum pressure of 998 hPa (mbar) according to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA).^[4] The combination of dry air, strong wind shear, and the storm's proximity to land caused Nichole to quickly weaken to a tropical depression twelve hours after reaching its peak intensity. The exposed remnants of Nichole executed a clockwise-loop offshore Taiwan before traveling north into mainland China and dissipating.^[3] Rough seas produced by the storm caused four container ships to run aground in Taiwans' Kaohsiung Harbor, none of the crew members were injured. Heavy rains in Taiwan flooded an estimated 2500acres of crops.^[5]

Tropical Depression 03W

Operationally considered to have only been a tropical depression, Tropical Storm 03W developed out of a tropical disturbance along the eastern edge of a monsoon gyre on July 22. Tracking in a gradual northwest to northeast curve, the disturbance gradually intensified and was classified as a tropical depression while located 790 km (490 mi) east-northeast of Iwo Jima on July 25. The depression briefly intensified into a tropical storm, with a peak intensity of 85 km/h (50 mph 1-minute winds) as convection wrapped around the entire center of circulation. However, strong wind shear quickly blew away the associated convection, causing 03W to weaken to a tropical depression. Early on July 26, 03W degenerated into an exposed low before dissipating.^[3]

Typhoon Otto (Bising)

The first typhoon of the season developed out of a tropical low from a mesoscale disturbance in early August. Persistent convection developed around the low^[6] and early on August 2, the JTWC began issuing advisories on Tropical Depression 04W.^[7]

Storm signals were put in place in the Philippines prior to the storm's arrival on August 3.^[8] However, Otto turned away from the country and the signals were discontinued on August 5.^[9] Typhoon Otto produced heavy rains, amounting to at least 400 mm (15.7 in) in mountainous areas of Taiwan, caused flooding which killed five people.^{[10] [11]} In all, damages in Taiwan amounted to NTD 25 million ($761,000 1998 USD). After traveling through the Taiwan Strait, the typhoon struck China, producing heavy rainfall which caused flooding^[12] in areas suffering from the worst flood in at least 45 years.^[13] Officials reported no damage or loss of life resulted from the storm in Fujian Province.^[14]

Severe Tropical Storm Penny (Klaring)

A tropical disturbance formed on August 2 and strengthened into a tropical depression east of the Philippines. As Penny strengthened into a tropical storm, it made landfall over Northern Luzon, on August 7, and drifted into the South China sea on the same day. Strong vertical wind shear on August 8 caused Penny's convection to be displaced to south of the storm, and even exposed the level circulation center for a few hours. Penny was only located 165 kilometers from Hong Kong when it was at its closest distance to Hong Kong, and killed one person in Hong Kong. Penny soon made landfall over Maoming on August 11, and dissipated the next day.

Typhoon Rex (Deling)

See main article: Typhoon Rex. An active Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough allowed for the development of Tropical Depression 6W on August 22, east of Luzon. It moved westward initially, but as the trough weakened a ridge to the east, it moved northeastward where it became a tropical storm on the 23rd. Rex slowly intensified to become a typhoon on the 26th, followed by reaching a peak of 135mi/h winds on the 28th south of Japan. As it moved northward, it brought heavy flooding to Honshū, Japan, amounting to 13 deaths and moderate damage from mudslides across the island. Another trough pulled the storm eastward, saving Japan from a direct hit, and Rex continued northeastward to an unusually high latitude near 50°, when it became extratropical on the 9th near the Aleutian Islands, east of the International Date Line.

Tropical Depression 07W

On August 26, a monsoonal trough formed over central China and drifted south. On August 29, the trough spawned an embedded low over Taiwan, and strengthened into a tropical depression on September 1. Tropical Depression 07W fully dissipated on September 6 due to vertical wind shear.

Severe Tropical Storm Stella

In northern Japan, near Wakkanai, Hokkaidō, severe damage to many homes took place. One person in the region was killed after being blown off his roof while trying to repair it and twelve homes were destroyed. Several rivers overflowed their banks after rainfall exceeding 200mm fell across Hokkaidō. Throughout Sōya Subprefecture, agricultural and fishing industry losses amounted to 23.1 million yen (US$171,213).^[15] Severe flooding took place in nearby Abashiri Subprefecture where hundreds of homes were inundated after rivers broke their banks. Over 6200ha of farmland was lost. Large sections of roadways were washed away, including 14 bridges. Total losses in Abashiri reached 25 million yen (US$185,296), much of which was due to fishing industry damage.^[16]

Severe damage was sustained in Iwamizawa, Hokkaidō after torrential rains triggered widespread flooding. One person was killed in the city and 29 buildings were destroyed. Agricultural losses in the area amounted to 14.9 million yen (US$110,436).^[17] Some of the worst floods were in Obihiro, where nearly 230 million yen (US$1.7 million) in agricultural losses was sustained. A third fatality from Stella took place in the area.^[18]

Tropical Depression 09W

Tropical Depression 09W formed in the South China Sea on September 12, 1998. As the system tracked westward, it intensified and made landfall over Hainan Island, China, and subsequently Vietnam. The storm brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to these regions, causing significant damage and disruption. Although 09W was a relatively short-lived system, its impact on the affected areas was notable, highlighting the potential dangers of even minor tropical cyclones.

Typhoon Todd (Emang)

The monsoon trough spawned a low pressure system late on September 14, which developed into Tropical Storm Todd shortly thereafter. Interaction with a trough provided excellent outflow for the system, which explosively intensified over the following day, with 1-minute winds increasing from 50 knots to 130 knots in a 24-hour period ending at 06z on September 17. ^[19] However, the upper-level low that had been providing Todd with enhanced outflow soon began to shear it as it catapulted the storm northward and then westward, and by the time it had made landfall in China, Todd had weakened back into a tropical storm with 10-minute winds of 45 knots per the JMA.^[20] Todd dissipated inland over China on September 20.Seven people were killed by Todd in Kyushu. Damage in southern Japan amounted to 31.9 million yen (US$236,436).^[21]

Typhoon Vicki (Gading)

See main article: Typhoon Vicki (1998).

Vicki developed in the South China Sea west of Luzon on September 17. Vicki moved east and crossed Luzon. After landfalling on Luzon, Vicki moved northeast and struck the Kii Peninsula in Japan on September 22 before becoming extratropical. The storm caused the deaths of 108 people.

Tropical Depression 12W

Tropical Depression 12W formed in the South China Sea on September 16, 1998. It moved west-northwestward and tracked along the coast of Vietnam. Despite its relatively weak intensity, the system brought heavy rainfall and gusty winds to coastal areas, potentially causing localized flooding and disruptions. While 12W did not develop into a stronger storm, its impact on the region underscores the importance of monitoring even minor tropical disturbances, as they can still lead to significant weather events.

Tropical Storm Waldo

Tropical Storm Waldo was a tropical cyclone that formed in the western North Pacific Ocean during the 1998 typhoon season. While it didn't reach typhoon strength, it still brought significant impacts to the areas it affected.Waldo formed on September 19, 1998, and moved westward across the Philippines. It brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to the country, leading to flooding, landslides, and other weather-related hazards. The storm caused damage to infrastructure and displaced thousands of people.

Typhoon Yanni (Heling)

Typhoon Yanni (Heling) was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck East Asia in late September 1998. It caused widespread devastation, particularly in South Korea, leading to significant flooding, landslides, and property damage. The storm resulted in over 50 fatalities and billions of dollars in economic losses.

Tropical Depression 15W

Tropical Depression 15W formed in the South China Sea on October 2, 1998. Initially tracking northeastward, it later shifted its course to the northwest. The depression made landfall in Vietnam shortly before dissipating on October 5. While not a major storm, it still brought significant rainfall and potential flooding to the affected areas.

Tropical Depression 16W

Tropical Depression 16W formed east of Taiwan in early October 1998. Initially, it remained stationary due to weak steering currents. As it slowly moved northeastward, it reached a peak intensity of 30 knots (55 km/h). However, increasing vertical wind shear weakened the system, leading to its dissipation south of Okinawa. While 16W was a relatively short-lived and weak tropical cyclone, it still contributed to the overall activity of the 1998 Pacific typhoon season.

Tropical Depression 17W

Tropical Depression 17W formed in the Western Pacific Ocean during the 1969 Pacific typhoon season. It was a weak tropical cyclone that did not significantly impact any land areas. The depression formed in a region with unfavorable environmental conditions, such as strong vertical wind shear, which limited its development and intensity. As a result, it dissipated shortly after its formation, leaving minimal impact on the region.

Typhoon Zeb (Iliang)

See main article: Typhoon Zeb. The monsoon trough near Guam developed a tropical depression on October 7. It moved westward, strengthening to a tropical storm on the 10th. The large inflow of the storm developed another tropical storm on the 10th; Tropical Storm Alex. The two moved westward, and as Zeb strengthened to a typhoon on the 11th, it absorbed the short-lived Tropical Storm Alex. It continued west-northwestward, rapidly intensifying to a 180mi/h super typhoon on the 13th with an official minimum central pressure of 900 millibars and an unofficial minimum central pressure of 872 millibars, which would tie for the second lowest on record. Zeb maintained this intensity until hitting Luzon in the Philippines on the 14th. After weakening over the archipelago Zeb moved northward to hit Taiwan as a minimal typhoon on the 15th. It maintained this intensity until hitting Japan on the 17th, after which it became extratropical on the 18th. Zeb was responsible for 122 casualties in its path.^[22]

Tropical Storm Alex

On October 10, a small area of low pressure developed within the outflow of Typhoon Zeb. The low maintained an area of deep convection and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm.^{[23] [24]} Operationally, the system was not classified as a tropical storm until 0600 UTC on October 11.^[23] Zeb then brought stronger wind shear over Alex, ultimately absorbing the short lived Alex. Alex reached the intensity of tropical storm with sustained winds of 45 knots over 1 minute according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center^[25]

Typhoon Babs (Loleng)

See main article: Typhoon Babs (1998). A tropical disturbance in association with the TUTT (Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough) formed into a tropical depression on October 11 near Guam. It moved westward under the influence of the Subtropical Ridge, and became a tropical storm on the 15th. Babs slowly intensified due to little upper level outflow, but when the outflow became more pronounced, it strengthened to a typhoon on the 19th and a super typhoon with a peak of 155mi/h winds on the 20th. Babs hit the central Philippines as a Category 4, and flooded an area just hit by another super typhoon, Zeb, only 7 days before. Babs weakened over the islands, and turned north where upper level shear caused it to dissipate on the 27th. Super Typhoon Babs caused heavy mudslides in the Philippines, resulting in more than 300 deaths and heavy flooding.

Tropical Storm Chip

A monsoonal low that persisted over the South China Sea began to coalesce on November 10, and on the following day, the system became organized enough to be classified as a depression, receiving the designation 21W by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Although the depression initially struggled due to vertical wind shear displacing convection to the west of the center, gradual improvement in structure led to the system being upgraded into a tropical storm early on November 12 and receiving the name Chip. Gradually organizing as it moved northwest slowly, Chip reached peak 1-minute winds of 50 knots and 10-minute sustained winds of 40 knots per the JTWC and JMA respectively shortly before its landfall in Vietnam early on November 14. ^[26]

Chip killed at least 17 people and caused VND 16.2 billion ($923,400 1998 USD) in Vietnam. The remnants of Chip regenerated into a tropical cyclone over the Bay of Bengal. Peaking as a strong Category 1 cyclone, it then was known as Cyclone 07B when its remnants cross Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia . The system made landfall in Bangladesh, killing 100 people.

Tropical Storm Dawn

See main article: Tropical Storm Dawn (1998). Though a weak tropical storm, torrential rains from Dawn triggered catastrophic flooding in Vietnam, killing at least 187 people. Regarded as the worst cyclone to hit the region in three decades, 500,000 homes flooded, an additional 7,000 were destroyed and an estimated 2 million people were left homeless. Damage was estimated at VND 400 billion (US$28 million).^[27]

Tropical Storm Elvis (Miding)

Tropical Storm Elvis, also known as Miding, formed in the western Pacific Ocean during the 1998 typhoon season. It developed into a tropical storm on November 22 and made landfall in Vietnam on November 24. Despite its relatively short lifespan, Elvis caused significant damage and loss of life in Vietnam. The storm brought heavy rainfall, strong winds, and storm surges to the coastal regions of Vietnam, resulting in widespread flooding and landslides. The storm claimed the lives of at least 49 people and caused millions of dollars in damage to infrastructure and agriculture.Elvis killed 49 people and caused $30 million in damages in Vietnam.^[3]

Typhoon Faith (Norming)

See main article: Typhoon Faith.

Tropical Storm Faith moved westward across the northwestern Pacific. It strengthened to a typhoon just as it crossed over the Philippines, an area hit by several typhoons this season. After reaching a peak of 100mi/h winds over the South China Sea, Faith weakened to a tropical storm on December 14 just before making landfall on eastern Vietnam. It dissipated later that day.

In the Philippines, a total of eight people were killed and 17 others were reported as missing. Throughout the country, 51,785 people were displaced and another 20,419 were evacuated. Damages amounted to PHP 513.95 million (US$13 million).^[28] In Vietnam, 40 people were killed and three others were left missing. A total of 602 homes were destroyed, another 16,327 were damaged, and 58,487 ha of rice fields were inundated. Damages in the country amounted to VND 204 billion (US$15 million).^[29]

Tropical Storm Gil

Tropical Storm Gil developed in the South China Sea on December 8. It moved westward and peaked with winds of 75 km/h (45 mph). Gil made landfall in Thailand as a tropical depression which caused a plane crash at Surat Thani due to bad weather before dissipating on December 13.

Tropical Depression 26W

Tropical Depression 26W formed in the Western Pacific Ocean in mid-December 1998. It was a weak tropical cyclone that did not significantly impact any land areas. The depression formed in a region with unfavorable environmental conditions, which limited its development and intensity. As a result, it dissipated shortly after its formation, leaving minimal impact on the region.

Tropical Depression 27W

The final tropical depression of the season developed from a poorly organized tropical disturbance on December 18 over the South China Sea. Situated within an unfavorable environment, the system struggled to maintain deep convection; however, the following day, it was classified as Tropical Depression 27W by the JTWC. Operationally, 27W was regarded as a tropical storm, with maximum winds of 75 km/h (45 mph) but in post-season analysis, the intensity was lowered to 55 km/h (35 mph).

Storm names

See also: Lists of tropical cyclone names and Tropical cyclone naming. During the season 17 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list which started on 1996.

Nichole	Otto	Penny	Rex	Stella	Todd	Vicki	Waldo	Yanni
Zeb	Alex	Babs	Chip	Dawn	Elvis	Faith	Gil

Philippines

Akang	Bising	Klaring	Deling	Emang
Gading	Heling	Iliang	Loleng	Miding
Norming
Auxiliary list

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 10 of which are published each year before the season starts. This is the same list used for the 1994 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Because PAGASA started a new naming scheme in 2001, therefore, this naming list was not used in the 2002 season. Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in .

Season effects

This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 1998. The tables also provide an overview of a systems intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system.

|-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| 01W (Akang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Nichole || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, China || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| 03W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Otto (Bising) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, East China || || |||-| Penny (Klaring) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || None || |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Rex (Deling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| 07W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Stella || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Japan || || |||-| 09W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China, Vietnam || None || None |||-| Todd (Emang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan, East China || || |||-| Vicki (Gading) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Japan || || |||-| 12W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || None || None |||-| Waldo || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| Yanni (Heling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, South Korea || Unknown || |||-| 15W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China, Vietnam || None || None |||-| 16W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| 17W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| Zeb (Iliang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Taiwan, Philippines, Japan || || |||-| Alex || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Babs (Loleng) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands || || |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Chip || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || || |||-| Dawn || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam, Cambodia || || |||-| 07B || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Malay Peninsula || None || None |||-| Elvis (Miding) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam || || |||-| Faith (Norming) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos || || |||-| Gil || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam, Thailand || None || None |||-| 26W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| 27W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-

See also

• 1998 Pacific hurricane season
• 1998 Atlantic hurricane season
• 1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
• 1998–99 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season

External links

• Japan Meteorological Agency
• Joint Typhoon Warning Center .
• China Meteorological Agency
• National Weather Service Guam
• Hong Kong Observatory
• Macau Meteorological Geophysical Services
• Korea Meteorological Agency
• Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
• Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
• Satellite movie of 1998 Pacific typhoon season

Notes and References

1. Web site: Gary Padgett's Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary . www.typhoon2000.ph . https://web.archive.org/web/20101130222503/http://typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/may03sum.txt . November 30, 2010.
2. Web site: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Typhoon 2000. July 13, 1998. January 21, 2009. Tropical Depression 'Akang' PAGASA track.
3. Web site: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. . 1998 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report . 1999 . January 21, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606232331/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1998atcr/pdf/1998_complete.pdf . June 6, 2011 .
4. Web site: Japan Meteorological Agency. JMA Best Tracks for 1998. 1999. January 21, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20080521214740/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst1998.txt. 2008-05-21. dead.
5. Web site: Staff Writer. Los Angeles Times. July 23, 1998. April 10, 2009. Science File / An exploration of issues and trends affecting science, medicine and the environment; Ongoing Eruption. https://web.archive.org/web/20121020024256/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/32308641.html?dids=32308641:32308641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+23,+1998&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Science+File+%2F+An+exploration+of+issues+and+trends+affecting+science,+medicine+and+the+environment%3B+Ongoing+Eruption&pqatl=google. dead. October 20, 2012.
6. Web site: Gray Padgett. Typhoon 2000. September 25, 1998. January 22, 2009. Gary Padgett August 1998 Summary.
7. Web site: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. World Meteorological Organization. Typhoon Otto Tropical Cyclone Report. 1999. January 22, 2009. June 7, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110607034141/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1998atcr/pdf/04w.pdf. dead.
8. Web site: Sol Jose Vanzi. Philippine Headline News. August 3, 1998. September 1, 2009. Typhoon Bising Headed For Northern Luzon.
9. Web site: Sol Jose Vanzi. Philippine Headline News. August 5, 1998. September 1, 2009. Typhoon Veers Away From RP.
10. Web site: Staff Writer. Taipei Central News Agency. August 5, 1998. September 1, 2009. Taiwan: Typhoon leaves four dead, heads for China.
11. Web site: Reuters. ReliefWeb. August 5, 1998. September 1, 2009. Typhoon slams China as rains swell Yangtze.
12. Web site: William J. Kyle. University of Hong Kong. 1999. September 1, 2009. 1998 Pacific typhoon season.
13. Web site: Mary Kay Magistad. NPR. August 5, 1998. September 1, 2009. China Flooding.
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