1978 Pacific typhoon season explained

The 1978 Pacific typhoon season was a very active season that produced 31 tropical storms, 16 typhoons and one intense typhoon. It ran year-round in 1978, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Tropical storms that formed in the basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center while systems that were active in the Philippine area of responsibility were assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). This often results in the same storm having two names.

Seasonal summary

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text:"Bonnie" from:09/08/2013 till:20/08/2013 color:TY text:"Carmen" from:09/08/2013 till:13/08/2013 color:TS text:"Della" from:13/08/2013 till:17/08/2013 color:TD text:"Loleng" from:14/08/2013 till:14/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:18/08/2013 till:20/08/2013 color:TS text:"13W" from:18/08/2013 till:19/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:20/08/2013 till:20/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:21/08/2013 till:29/08/2013 color:TY text:"Elaine" from:22/08/2013 till:24/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:26/08/2013 till:26/08/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:27/08/2013 till:10/09/2013 color:VSTY text:"Faye" from:27/08/2013 till:31/08/2013 color:TS text:"Gloria" from:28/08/2013 till:01/09/2013 color:TS text:"Hester" from:29/08/2013 till:30/08/2013 color:TD text:"Oyang" from:31/08/2013 till:02/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" barset:break from:02/09/2013 till:07/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:09/09/2013 till:15/09/2013 color:TY text:"Irma" from:09/09/2013 till:15/09/2013 color:TD text:"Pasing" from:09/09/2013 till:17/09/2013 color:TY text:"Judy" from:10/09/2013 till:11/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:13/09/2013 till:19/09/2013 color:TD text:"Susang" from:17/09/2013 till:17/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:20/09/2013 till:28/09/2013 color:ST text:"Kit" from:21/09/2013 till:22/09/2013 color:TD text:"Tering" from:21/09/2013 till:22/09/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:24/09/2013 till:05/10/2013 color:TY text:"Lola" from:30/09/2013 till:05/10/2013 color:TY text:"Mamie" from:05/10/2013 till:05/10/2013 color:TD text:"TD" from:05/10/2013 till:17/10/2013 color:ST text:"Nina" from:08/10/2013 till:15/10/2013 color:TY text:"Ora" from:11/10/2013 till:14/10/2013 color:TD text:"25W" from:11/10/2013 till:17/10/2013 color:TD text:"Bidang" barset:break from:15/10/2013 till:23/10/2013 color:TY text:"Phyllis" from:17/10/2013 till:30/10/2013 color:VITY text:"Rita" from:29/10/2013 till:03/11/2013 color:TS text:"Unnamed" from:31/10/2013 till:07/11/2013 color:ST text:"Tess" from:09/11/2013 till:11/11/2013 color:TD 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text:November from:01/12/2013 till:01/01/2014 text:December

33 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 29 became tropical storms. 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 1 reached super typhoon strength. Many of the storms either remained at sea or failed to do any damage.

Systems

Severe Tropical Storm Nadine

Nadine stayed at sea and was the first severe tropical storm of the season. It lived at least 1 week.

Typhoon Olive (Atang)

See main article: Typhoon Olive (1978).

On 12:00 UTC on April 11, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began to monitor a surface circulation which had formed within the trough. Five days later, the JTWC issued their first warning on the system as it began coalescing.^[1] On April 18, the system entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, resulting in PAGASA naming the system Atang.^[2] Later that day, the system intensified into a tropical storm, resulting in it being named Olive.

Olive would steadily intensify after it entered the South China Sea on April 20, being in an environment with good outflow aloft and warm Sea surface temperatures, resulting in it intensifying into a typhoon on April 22. Olive would recurve due to a break in the subtropical ridge, peaking with sustained winds of 100mph the next day. It accelerated to the east-northeast, steadily weakening due to intruding cool and dry air, resulting in the system becoming extratropical early on April 26.^[3]

As Olive passed the Philippines, it would affect nearly 370,000 people in the nation, leaving 3,500 homeless.^{[4] [5]} The MV Leyte, a lengthened ship of the Compania Maritima was caught in it, being wrecked in the southwestern portion of Sibuyan Island as she was on a Manila-Cebu voyage.^[6] The Hong Kong Observatory would hoist its Stand-By Signal No. 1 for Hong Kong on April 24 as Oliver was at its closest to the island.^[7]

Tropical Storm Polly (Bising)

Polly was the first of three weak June systems.

Tropical Storm Rose (Klaring)

Rose was the second of three weak June systems.

Tropical Storm Shirley (Deling)

Shirley hit Vietnam as a tropical storm.

Typhoon Trix

Trix did a loop.

Typhoon Virginia

Virginia stayed largely at sea.

Typhoon Wendy (Emang)

Wendy ultimately hit Japan.

Severe Tropical Storm Agnes

Agnes formed on July 24, made a complete loop, and struck China on July 29 with winds of 55 mph after peaking at 65 mph.^[8] It dissipated the 30th. In Hong Kong Tropical Storm Agnes killed 3 people.^[9]

Tropical Storm Bonnie

Bonnie hit Vietnam.

Typhoon Carmen (Iliang)

Carmen affected South Korea.

Tropical Storm Della (Heling)

Della landed in Taiwan and China.

Tropical Depression Loleng

Only recognized by PAGASA.

Tropical Storm 13W

13W was weak but hit Japan.

Typhoon Elaine (Miding)

Elaine struck the Northern Philippines and the Chinese province of Guangdong.

Typhoon Faye

Faye stayed at sea.

Tropical Storm Gloria (Norming)

Gloria stayed at sea.

Tropical Storm Hester

Hester stayed away from land.

Typhoon Irma (Ruping)

Irma, the eighth typhoon of the 1978 season, developed in the monsoon trough southeast of Taiwan.^[10] It made landfall in Honshu, Japan. With winds of up to 120 km/h, Typhoon Irma killed at least 6 people and made about 3,000 homeless. Four people were missing and about 100 were injured by floods and landslides in southwestern Japan.^[11] It destroyed or damaged 1,597 homes and left 6,266 homes flooded.^[12] Irma smashed windows, overturned cars, and capsized several fishing boats. Several athletes at the Japan-China Friendship Track and Field Meet in Kitakyushu were injured when a freak gust blew them ten feet in the air. A Liberian-registered tanker was swept from its moorings off the port of Kure and drifted for nearly 5 kilometers before running aground off a small island in the Inland Sea. Irma remained a typhoon for only 12 hours becoming the shortest-lived typhoon of the season.

Typhoon Judy

Judy did not impact land.

Severe Tropical Storm Kit (Uding)

Kit hit Vietnam and The Philippines.

Typhoon Lola (Weling)

Lola hit China and the Philippines.

Typhoon Mamie

Mamie recurved out to sea.

Severe Tropical Storm Nina (Yaning)

According to the official reports, 59 people died and more than 500,000 were in evacuation centers in the Philippines.^[13]

Typhoon Ora (Aning)

Ora brushed Taiwan.

Tropical Depression 25W

25W did not affect land.

Tropical Depression 26W (Bidang)

26W followed 25W.

Typhoon Phyllis

Phyllis recurved from Japan.

Typhoon Rita (Kading)

See main article: Typhoon Rita (1978).

Tropical Depression 28 developed October 15. Three and a half days later, it strengthened into a tropical storm. Rita became a typhoon late on October 19. Rita reached Category 5 status on October 23, reaching a minimum central pressure of 878 millibars on October 25, only 8 milibars higher than Typhoon Tip's record set in 1979. After spending over three consecutive days at that intensity, Rita weakened to a Category 4 and smashed ashore on Luzon. Rita stayed a typhoon during its entire passage over the Philippines and emerged into the South China Sea as a minimal typhoon. Rita then decayed slowly and dissipated as a depression near the coast of Vietnam. The typhoon caused considerable damage and loss of life in the Philippines, though exact numbers are unknown.

Tropical Storm Twenty-seven

Tropical Storm 27 was weak and short-lived.

Severe Tropical Storm Tess

A tropical depression developed on October 31. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm on November 2. Tess continued to intensify and reached its peak intensity as a 70mph storm; just short of typhoon status. The storm became extratropical on November 7.

Tropical Depression 30W (Delang)

30W came close to land.

Typhoon Viola (Esang)

Increased convective activity in the monsoon trough was first noticed on satellite data on November 14 about 690miles southeast of Truk. On November 16, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression 33. Based on an improved satellite signature, TD 33 was upgraded to Tropical Storm Viola at 1200 UTC November 17. Viola continued to intensify as the storm moved on a northwestward track.^[14] Late on November 19 reconnaissance aircraft confirmed that Viola's surface pressure had fallen to 977 mb; and, that an eye was beginning to form. Early on November 20, Viola was upgraded to a typhoon. Viola then started to rapidly intensify and reached peak intensity on November 21 with winds of 145mph. Viola recurved away from Luzon on November 22. By the next day, the storm had already weakened to a category 1 and further weakened to a tropical storm. Viola dissipated on November 24.

Severe Tropical Storm Winnie

A tropical depression developed on November 25. It started to intensify while moving on a north-northwestward track. By November 28, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and was named Winnie. On the 29th, Winnie reached its peak intensity as severe tropical storm with (10-min) winds of 65mph. Winnie became extratropical early on November 30.

Tropical Depression Garding

The last system of the season, Tropical Depression 63W (Garding) was named by PAGASA.

Storm names

See also: Lists of tropical cyclone names and Tropical cyclone naming. During the season 28 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from late 1950. However the JTWC changed their naming scheme by the next year, now including both female and male names.

Nadine

Olive

Polly

Rose

Shirley

Trix

Virginia

Wendy

Agnes

Bonnie

Carmen

Della

Elaine

Faye

Gloria

Hester

Irma

Judy

Kit

Lola

Mamie

Nina

Ora

Phyllis

Rita

Tess

Viola

Winnie

One name, Susan, developed over the Central Pacific and was named from this list. The storm never became a part of the West Pacific basin.

Philippines

Akang	Bising	Klaring	Deling	Emang
Gading	Heling	Iliang	Loleng	Miding
Norming	Oyang	Pasing	Ruping	Susang
Tering	Uding	Weling	Yaning
Auxiliary list
Aning	Bidang	Kading	Delang	Esang
Garding

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1982 season. This is the same list used for the 1974 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in .

Retirement

Due to extreme damages and death toll caused by Typhoon Rita (Kading), PAGASA retired the name Kading in its auxiliary list. The name replaced was Katring.

Season effects

This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1978. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, missing persons (in parentheses), and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 1978 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.

|-| Nadine || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Marshall Islands || None || None |||-| Olive (Atang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines, Taiwan || Unknown || |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| Polly (Bising) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Japan || None || None |||-| Rose (Klaring) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan || None || None |||-| Shirley (Deling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia || Unknown || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| Trix || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, China || Unknown || Unknown |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Wendy (Emang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Japan || None || None |||-| Virginia || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| Agnes || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China || None || |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None |||-| Gading || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None |||-| Bonnie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China, Vietnam || None || None |||-| Carmen (Iliang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, East China, Korea || Unknown || None |||-| Della (Heling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, China || None || None |||-| Loleng || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None |||-| 13W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None |||-| Elaine (Miding) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || Unknown || Unknown |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Korean Peninsula || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| Faye || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Taiwan || None || None |||-| Gloria (Norming) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| Hester || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| Oyang || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan || None || None |||-| Irma (Ruping) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan|| None || |||-| Pasing || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || None || None |||-| Judy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan || None || None |||-| Susang || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines, Vietnam || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau || None || None |||-| Kit (Uding) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam || Unknown || Unknown |||-| Tering || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| Lola (Weling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || Unknown || Unknown |||-| Mamie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Nina (Yaning) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam || Unknown || |||-| Ora (Aning) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| 25W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| 26W (Bidang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Philippines || None || None |||-| Phyllis || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Rita (Kading) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines || || > |||-| Twenty-seven || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None |||-| Tess || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || None || None |||-| 30W (Delang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| Viola (Esang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Malaysia || None || None |||-| Winnie || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Garding || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || Unknown || None |||-

See also

• Pacific typhoon season
• 1978 Pacific hurricane season
• 1978 Atlantic hurricane season
• 1978 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
• Australian region cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79
• South Pacific cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79
• South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79

References

1. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1978atcr.pdf 1978 TCR
2. Web site: DESTRUCTIVE TYPHOONS 1970-2003 . 2024-01-18 . baseportal.com.
3. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1978atcr.pdf 1978 TCR
4. Web site: DESTRUCTIVE TYPHOONS 1970-2003 . 2024-01-18 . baseportal.com.
5. News: April 27, 1978 . Typhoon . October 23, 2016 . . Trove.
6. Web site: Typhoon "Atang" Philippine Ship Spotters Society . 2016-10-23 . psssonline.wordpress.com.
7. 1979 . Meteorological Statistics 1978: Part 3 (Tropical Cyclone Summaries) . . 14.
8. http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1978atcr/pdf/1978.html 1978 ATCR TABLE OF CONTENTS
9. Web site: Historical Information . 2007-12-17 . 2015-05-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150516012539/http://www.hko.gov.hk/informtc/historical_tc/cdtc.htm . dead .
10. Web site: 1978 Annual Typhoon Report. Morford. Dean R.. Lavin. James K.. January 1, 1995. October 23, 2016. April 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170430011350/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a399638.pdf. live.
11. News: Typhoon Irma leaves 3,000 homeless. September 18, 1978. The Canberra Times. September 22, 2016. Trove.
12. Web site: Typhoon brushes Japan; 6 die (September 16, 1978). 2016-10-23.
13. News: 59 flood deaths. October 13, 1978. The Canberra Times. October 23, 2016. Trove.
14. Web site: Typhoon #31 (16-24 NOV 1978). Unisys Weather. 19 January 2017.

External links

• Japan Meteorological Agency
• Joint Typhoon Warning Center .
• China Meteorological Agency
• National Weather Service Guam
• Hong Kong Observatory
• Macau Meteorological Geophysical Services
• Korea Meteorological Agency
• Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
• Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
• Digital Typhoon - Typhoon Images and Information
• Typhoon2000 Philippine typhoon website