1977 in paleontology explained

Plants

Ferns

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Anemia gunni[1]	Sp nov	Valid	Wolfe	Late Eocene		United States		An anemiaceous fern
Lygodium larsoni	Sp nov	jr synonym	Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A Lygodium species fern. Synonymized with Lygodium kaulfussi.[2]
Cyathea inequilateralis	Comb nov	valid	(Hollick) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States	Cyathea pinnata (1952)[3] Hemitelia pinnata (1941)	A Cyathea species tree fern. Moved from Pteris inequilateralis (1936)[4]
Dryopteris alaskana	Comb nov	valid	(Hollick) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A Dryopteris species fern. Moved in part from Asplenium alaskanum (1936) Possibly actually belonging to Thelypteridaceae.

Angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Synonymized taxa	Notes	Images
Alangium bergensis	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A dogwood relative.
Alangium oregonensis	Sp nov		Wolfe	Eocene	Bridge Creek Flora	United States		A dogwood relative.
Allophylus duktothensis	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A soap berry relative.
Alnus martini	Sp nov	Valid	Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		An alder species.
Anamirta milleri	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A moon seed relative.
Calkinsia dilleri	Comb nov		(Knowlton) Wolfe	Eocene		United States		A moon seed relative. Moved from Calkinsia dilleri (1968)
Calkinsia plafkeri	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A moon seed relative.
Camelia oregona	Comb nov		(Chaney & Sanborn) Wolfe	Eocene Middle Eocene	Fisher Formation "Goshen flora"	United States		A theaceous relative. Moved from Ilex oregona (1933)
Cinnamomophyllum bendirei	Comb nov		(Knowlton) Wolfe	Eocene	Bridge Creek Flora	United States		A lauraceous relative. Moved from Sassafras bendirei (1940)
Cinnamomophyllum eocernua	Comb nov		(Chaney & Sanborn) Wolfe	Eocene Middle Eocene	Fisher Formation "Goshen flora"	United States		A lauraceous relative. Moved from Octoea eocernua (1933)
Cinnamomophyllum kushtakensis	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A lauraceous relative.
Cinnamomophyllum latum	Comb nov		(MacGinitie) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Ione Formation	United States		A lauraceous relative. Moved from Litsea lata (1952) First named Neolitsea lata (1941)
Dicotylophyllum carbonensis	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A "dicot" of unknown affinity.
Dicotylophyllum kummerensis	Comb nov	jr synonym	(Wolfe) Wolfe	Late Eocene "Upper Ravenian"	Puget Group "below Cashman bed" Loc 9731	United States		A dicot of uncertain affinity. Moved from Artocarpoides kummerensis 1968.[5] Moved to Republica kummerensis (1987)[6]
Doona? chaneyi	Comb nov	valid	(Potbury) Wolfe	Latest Eocene-Earliest Oligocene	La Porte Tuff	United States		A Shorea (syn "Doona") species. Moved from Rhamnidium chaneyi (1935)[7]
Dracontomelon sanbornae	Sp nov	valid	Wolfe	Middle Eocene	Fisher Formation "Comstock flora"	United States		An anacardiaceous species.
Euodia alaskana	Sp nov	Valid	Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A Euodia species.
Euptelea orientalis	Comb nov	valid	(Sanborn) Wolfe	Middle Eocene	Fisher Formation "Comstock flora"	United States		A eupteleaceous species. Moved from Diospyros orientalis (1935)
Fagopsis groenlandica	Comb nov	Jr synonym	(Heer) Wolfe	Eocene		Greenland		A fagaceous relative. Moved from Quercophyllum groenlandicus (1963)
Fagus oregona	Comb nov	Jr synonym	(Chaney & Sanborn) Wolfe	Eocene		United States		A fagaceous relative. Moved from Tetracera oregona (1933)
Fortunearia weedi	Comb nov	valid	(Sanborn) Wolfe	Middle Eocene	Yellowstone Formation	United States		A hamamelidaceous species. Moved from Quercus weedii (1899)
Goweria alaskana	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		An icacinaceous species.
Heteromeles cuprovallis	Comb nov		(Axelrod) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Copper Basin Flora	United States		An toyon species. Moved from Salix cuprovallis (1966)
Ilex carbonensis	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A holly species.
Kandelia wangi	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A mangrove species.
Limacia stenophylla	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A moon seed relative.
Litseaphyllum	Gen et Sp et comb nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A lauraceous morphogenus. The genus includes L. carbonensis, L. katallaensis L. schorni New combinations moved from Cryptocarya presamarensis (1935), Laurus similis (1900), Magnolia californica (1935), Nectandra presanguinea (1933), Persea praelingue (1935)
Luvunga spatioea	Comb nov	valid	(Hollick) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A citrus relative. Moved from Persea spatiosa (1936)
Mastixia irregularis	Comb nov		(Hollick) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A tuplo relative. Moved from Cornus irregularis (1936)
Melanorrhoea alaskana	Comb nov	Jr synonym	(Hollick) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		An anacardioid relative. Moved from Semecarpus alaskana (1936) Recombined as Gluta alaskana.
Meliosma duktothensis	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A sabiaceous species.
Miquelia californica	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Ione Formation	United States		An icacinaceous species.
Nelumbo aureavallis[8]	Sp nov	Valid	Hickey	Ypresian	Golden Valley Formation Camels Butte Member			A water lilly
Palaeophytocrene elytraeformis	Comb nov		(Hollick) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		An icacinaceous species. Moved from Carpolithes elytraeformis (1936)
Parashorea cashmanensis	Comb nov		(Wolfe) Wolfe	Late Eocene "Upper Ravenian"	Puget Group "below Cashman bed" Loc 9731	United States		A Parashorea dipterocarpaceous species. Moved from Rhamnites cashmanensis (1968).
Paratinomiscium	Gen et comb nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A moon seed relative. The type species is Hampea conditionalis (1936)
Peltandra primaeva	Sp nov	Valid	Hickey	Ypresian	Golden Valley Formation Camels Butte Member loc. 14048			An arrow arum species.
Phytocrene acutissima	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		An icacinaceous species.
Plafkeria	Nom et comb nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Renton Formation	United States		A tiliaceous genus. A replacement genus name for "Willisia" Wolfe (1968) The type species is "W." rentonensis. Also includes P. obliquifolia (1925)
Platanus comstocki	Comb nov	valid	(Sanborn) Wolfe	Middle Eocene	Fisher Formation "Comstock flora"	United States		A plane tree species. Moved from Mallotus comstocki (1935)
Platanus macginitiei	Sp nov		Wolfe	Middle Eocene	Fisher Formation "Goshen flora"	United States		A plane tree species. New species for "Platanus aceroides" (Chaney & Sanborn 1933)
Platycarya pseudobrauni	Comb nov	valid	(Hollick) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States	Fraxinus lateralis (1936) Planera aquaticiformis (1936)	A Platycarya species. Moved from Ulmus pseudobraunii (1936)
Porosia	Gen et comb nov		Hickey	Ypresian	Golden Valley Formation Bear Den Member loc. 14056a			A bur-reed. A new genus for Carpites verrucosa (1878)
Prunus axelrodi	Comb et nom nov		(Axelrod) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Copper Basin Flora	United States		A cherry/plum species. Moved from Euonymus nevadensis (1966) new specific name given as Prunus nevadensis preoccupied.
Rubus eolaciniata[9]	Comb nov		(MacGinitie) Tanai & Wolfe	Early - early Middle Miocene	Weaverville Formation	United States		A blackberry leaf morphospecies. First named as Ulmus eolaciniate (1937)
Pterocarya orientalis	Comb nov		(MacGinitie) Wolfe	Late Oligocene		United States		A wing nut species. Moved from Juglans orientalis (1937)
Sageretia laurinea	Comb nov		(Lesquereux) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		An icacinaceous species. Moved from Phyllites laurinea (1941)
Salix carbonensis	Sp nov	Valid	Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A willow species.
Salix coatsi	Comb nov		(Axelrod) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Copper Basin Flora	United States		A willow species. Moved from Lithocarpus coatsi (1966)
Sorbus carbonensis	Sp nov	Valid	Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A mountain ash species.
Sparganium parvum	Sp nov		Hickey	Ypresian	Golden Valley Formation Bear Den Member loc. 14056a			A bur-reed
Stemonurus alaskanus	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A stemonuraceous species.
Tetracentron piperoides	Comb nov	Valid?	(Lesquereux) Wolfe	Late Eocene	Ione Formation	United States		A Tetracentron species. Moved from Cercidiphyllum piperoides (1952)[10]
Tilia carbonensis	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A tiliaceous species.
Ulmus chaneyi	Sp nov	valid	Tanai & Wolfe	Eocene Rupelian	John Day Formation Bridge Creek Flora	United States		An Elm leaf morphospecies.
Ulmus knowltoni	Sp nov	valid	Tanai & Wolfe	Miocene	"Collawash Flora"	United States		An Elm leaf morphospecies.
Zelkova browni	Sp nov	valid	Tanai & Wolfe	Miocene	"Collawash Flora"	United States		An Elm leaf morphospecies.
Zizyphus alaskanus	Sp nov		Wolfe	Late Eocene	Kulthieth Formation	United States		A buckthorn relative.

Invertebrates

Mollusks

Fish

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Amyzon aggregatum[13]	Sp nov	Valid	Wilson	Eocene Ypresian	Okanagan Highlands Horsefly Shales		An Amyzon species catostomid
Eosalmo	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Wilson	Eocene Ypresian	Okanagan Highlands Driftwood Shales		A basal salmonid relative. The type species is E. driftwoodensis
Libotonius	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Wilson	Eocene Ypresian	Okanagan Highlands Allenby Formation		A libotoniid sand roller relative. The type species is L. blakeburnensis
Priscacara aquilonia	Sp nov	Valid	Wilson	Eocene Ypresian	Okanagan Highlands Horsefly Shales		A Priscacara species temperate bass.

Archosauriformes

Non-avian dinosaurs

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.^[14]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Fulengia[15]	Gen et sp nov	Nomen dubium	Carroll & Galton	Early Jurassic	Lufeng Formation		Possible synonym of Lufengosaurus.
Opisthocoelicaudia[16]	Gen et sp Nov	Valid	Borsuk-Bialynicka	Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian	Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A saltasaurid Titanosaur.
Othnielia[17]	Gen et comb nov	jr synonym	Galton	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian - Tithonian)	Morrison Formation	United States	JR synonym of Nanosaurus agilis.
Piveteausaurus[18]	Gen et comb nov	Valid	Taquet & Welles	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Marnes de Dives Formation		A Megalosaur. Moved from Eustreptospondylus divesensis (1964)
Saichania[19]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Maryańska	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Barun Goyot Formation		An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid
"Shanshanosaurus"[20]	Gen et sp nov	Jr synonym	Zhiming	Late Cretaceous (Campanian - Maastrichtian	Subashi Formation		A theropod. The type species is S. huoyanshanensis. Junior synonym of Tarbosaurus bataar.
Tarchia	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Maryańska	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Barun Goyot Formation		An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid
Tuojiangosaurus[21]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Dong et al	Late jurassic Oxfordian - Kimmeridgian	Shangshaximiao Formation	China	A Chinese Stegosaur.
Valdosaurus[22]	Gen et comb nov	Valid	Galton	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian - Barremian)			A Dryosaur. moved from Dryosaurus canaliculatus (1975)
Wannanosaurus[23]		Valid taxon	Hou			China	A Primitive Pachycephalosaur
"Yezosaurus"	not formally described	Nomen nudum.	Obata & Muramoto				A Non-dinosaurian marine reptile. Type species "Y." mikasaensis

Birds

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Argillipes [24]	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			Described as a phasianid. The type species is A. aurorum & includes A. paralectoris Considered Aves Incertae Sedis by Mlíkovský (2002)[25]
Buthierax [26]	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Kretzoi	Middle Pleistocene		Greece	An Incertae Sedis Accipitridae The type species is B. pouliani
Cepphus storeri [27]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Harrison	Late Pliocene			An Alcidae guillemot.
Ciconia sarmatica [28]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Grigorescu & Kessler	Early Miocene Sarmatian		Romania	A Ciconiidae.
Cinclodes major [29]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Tonni	Middle Pleistocene		Argentina	A Furnariidae.
Coturnipes	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			Described as a phasianid The type species is C. cooperi Considered "Aves Incertae Sedis" by Olson, 1999
Gallus beremendensis [30]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jánossy	Late Pliocene		Hungary	A Phasianidae.
Limnofregata [31]	Subfam, gen et sp nov.	Valid	Olson	Early Eocene	Green River Formation Fossil Butte Member	United States	A Limnofregatinae frigatebird. The type species L. azygosternon
Malacorhynchus scarletti [32]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Olson	Holocene		New Zealand	An Anatidae.
Marinavis	Fam, gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			Described as a marinavid procelariiforme The type species is M. longirostris
Microena	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			Described in the Columbidae The type species is M. goodwini. Considered as "Aves Inceretae Sedis" by Mlíkovský 2002, Possibly a "Coraciiformes" or "Caprimulgiformes"/Apodiformes, per Mayr, 2009.
Neptuniavis	Gen et sp. nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			A possible Procellariidae The type species is N. miranda and includes N. minor Possibly a synonym of Dasornis.
Oxyura zapatanima [33]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Alvarez	Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene	Jocotopec sand and gravel Quarry	Mexico	An Anatidae.
Parvicuculus	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			A Parvicuculidae THe type species is P. minor
Parvigyps	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			Described as a Accipitridae The type species is P. praecox Considered "Aves Incertae Sedis" by Mlíkovský (2002)
Percolinus	Gen et sp nov.	jr synonym	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			Described as a Phasianidae The type species is P. venablesi a jr synonym of Gypsornis (2002),
Phalacrocorax chapalensis	Sp. nov.	Valid	Alvarez	Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene	Jocotopec sand and gravel quarry	Mexico	A Phalacrocoracidae.
Pinguinus alfrednewtoni [34]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Olson	Early Pliocene	Chesapeake Group	United States	An Alcidae.
Precursor	Sp. nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			A glareolid The type species is P. parvus Other species are P. litorum and P. magnus.
Primodroma	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			A Hydrobatidae The type species is P. bournei.
Primoscens	Fam, gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			A "Primoscenidae" passeriform, The type species is P. minutus Moved to Zygodactylidae (2008),[35]
Procuculus	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Harrison & Walker	Early Eocene			A Parvicuculidae[36] The type species is P. minutus Olson (1985) & Mayr, (2009) suggest possible synonymy with Primapus lacki.
Quipollornis [37]	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Vickers Rich & McEvey	Early to Middle Miocene	Chalk Mountain Diatomite	Australia	An Aegothelidae The type species is Q. koniberi.
Rallus richmondi [38]	Nom. nov.	Valid	Olson	Late Miocene		Italy	A rail a new name for Rallus dubius Portis (1887), junior homonym of Rallus dubius Piller & Mitterpacher (1783).
Sarmatosula	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Grigorescu & Kessler	Middle Miocene Sarmatian		Romania	A Sulidae The type species is S. dobrogensis
Shandongornis [39]	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Yeh	Middle Miocene	Shanwang Series	China	A Phasianidae The type species is S. shanwanensis.
Xenicibis [40]	Gen et sp nov.	Valid	Olson & Steadman	Quaternary	Cave deposits	Jamaica	A Threskiornithidae The type species is X. xympithecus.

Pterodactyls

Expeditions, field work, and fossil discoveries

• Trexler found hadrosaur remains west of Choteau, Montana in strata of the Two Medicine Formation.^[41]

Popular culture

Literature

• The Year of the Dinosaur Edwin H. Colbert and illustrated by his wife, Margaret was published. This story describes a year in the life of a "brontosaur" and was an attempt to educate the reader about prehistory through a fictional portrayal of it.

Notes and References

1. Wolfe . J.A. . 1977 . Paleogene floras from the Gulf of Alaska region . Professional Paper . United States Geological Survey . 997 . 1–108 . 10.3133/pp997 . free.
2. Collinson . M. E. . Cainozoic ferns and their distribution . Brittonia . 2001 . 53 . 2 . 173–235 . 10.1007/BF02812700 . 2666600. 19984401 .
3. Book: LaMotte . R.S. . 1952 . Catalogue of the Cenozoic plants of North America through 1950 . Geological Society of America Memoirs . . 51 . 10.1130/MEM51.
4. Hollick . A. . Smith . P. . 1936 . The Tertiary floras of Alaska, with a chapter on the geology of the Tertiary deposits . Professional Paper . United States Geological Survey . 1–185 . 182 . 10.3133/pp182.
5. Wolfe . J.A. . 1968 . Paleogene Biostratigraphy of nonmarine rocks in King County, Washington . Professional Paper . United States Geological Survey . 571 . 1–29 . 10.3133/pp571 . free .
6. Wolfe . J.A. . Wehr . W.C. . 1987 . Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington . Bulletin . United States Geological Survey . 1597 . 1–25 . 10.3133/b1597 . free .
7. Potbury . S.S. . The La Porte flora of Plumas County, California . Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication . 1935 . 63 . 5 . 29–82.
8. Book: Hickey, Leo . Stratigraphy and Paleobotany of the Golden Valley Formation (Early Tertiary) of Western North Dakota . 1977 . Geological Society of America . Boulder, Colorado . 0-8137-1150-9 . 110 & Plate 5 .
9. Tanai . T. . Wolfe . J.A. . 1977 . Revisions of Ulmus and Zelkova in the middle and late Tertiary of western North America . Professional Paper . United States Geological Survey . 1026 . 1–14 . 10.3133/pp1026 . free.
10. Book: LaMotte . R.S. . 1952 . Catalogue of the Cenozoic plants of North America through 1950 . Geological Society of America Memoirs . . 51 . 10.1130/MEM51.
11. Elicki . O. . Gürsu . S. . 2009 . First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves . Paläontologische Zeitschrift . 83 . 2 . 267–291 . 10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9 . 49380913 . 2012-01-06 . 2013-10-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202640/http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/~elicki/ELICKI_GUERSU_2009_PalZ_CambrianBivalves.pdf . dead .
12. Kozur . Heinz . Vjalovognathus nom. nov. replaces Vjalovites Kozur, 1976 . . July 1977 . 51 . 4 . 870 . 1303751 . 0022-3360.
13. Wilson . M. V. . 1977 . Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia . Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum . 113 . 1–66.
14. Web site: Olshevsky . George . Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List . 2008-08-07 . 2011-07-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110715102453/http://www.polychora.com/dinolist.html . dead .
15. Carroll . Robert L. . Galton . Peter M. . 'Modern' lizard from the Upper Triassic of China . Nature . March 1977 . 266 . 5599 . 252–255 . 10.1038/266252a0. 4195742 .
16. A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii, gen. n. sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia . Borsuk-Bialynicka . Magdalena . 1977 . Palaeontol. Polonica . 37 . 5–64.
17. Galton . Peter M. . The ornithopod dinosaur Dryosaurus and a Laurasia–Gondwanaland connection in the Upper Jurassic . Nature . July 1977 . 268 . 5617 . 230–232 . 10.1038/268230a0. 30721851 .
18. Taquet . P. . S. . Welles . 1977 . Redescription du crane de Dinosaure theropode de Dives (Normandie) . Annales de Paléontologie . 63 . 2 . 191–206 . fr.
19. Maryańska . Teresa . 1977 . Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia . Paleontol. Polinica . 37 . 85–151 .
20. Dong . Z . 1977 . On the dinosaurian remains from Turpan, Xinjiang . Vertebrata PalAsiatica . 15 . 59–66.
21. Dong . Z. . X. . Li . S. . Zhou . Y. . Chang . 1977 . On the stegosaurian remain from Zigong (Tzekung), Szechuan Province . Vertebrata PalAsiatica . 15 . 307–312.
22. Book: Olshevsky, G. . 1991 . A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia . Mesozoic Meanderings 2 . 1st. .
23. Hou . L. . 1977 . A new primitive pachycephalosauria from Anhui, China . Vertebrata PalAsiatica . 15 . 198–202.
24. Colin J. O. . Harrison . Cyril A. . Walker . 1977 . Birds of the British Lower Eocene . Tertiary Research Special Papers . 3 . 1–52 .
25. Jíří . Mlíkovský . 2002 . Cenozoic Birds of the World Part 1: Europe . Praha Ninox Press . 1–407 . 2014-09-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf . 2011-05-20 . dead .
26. Miklós Kretzoi . 1977 . The Fauna of Small Vertebrates of the Middle Pleistocene at Petralona . Anthropos (Athina) . 4 . 1–2 . 131–143 . 2014-09-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042953/http://www.aee.gr/hellenic/1st%20month/10/100401/Kretzoi%20(1977)%20-%20The%20Fauna%20of%20Small%20Vertebrates%20of%20the%20Middle%20Pleistocene%20at%20Petralona.%20Anthropos,%204%20131-143.pdf . 2016-03-04 . dead .
27. Colin J. O. . Harrison . 1977 . A New Guillemot, Cepphus Species, from the Lower Pleistocene . Suffolk Natural History . 17 . 238–239 .
28. Dan . Grigorescu . Jenö . Kessler . 1977 . The Middle Sarmatian Avian Fauna of South Dobrogea . Revue Roumaine de Géologie, Géophysique et Géographie, Série Géologie . 21 . 93–108 .
29. Eduardo P. . Tonni . 1977 . Un Furnárido (Aves: Passeriformes) del Pleistoceno Medio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires . Publicaciones del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales de Mar del Plata Lorenzo Scaglia . 2 . 6 . 141–147 .
30. Dénes . Jánossy . 1977 . Plio-Pleistocene Bird Remains from the Carpathian Basin. II. Galliformes. 2. Phasianidae . Aquila . 83 . 29–42 .
31. Storrs L. . Olson . 1977 . A Lower Eocene Frigatebird from the Green River Formation of Wyoming . Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology . 35 . 1–33 . 10.5479/si.00810266.35.1.
32. Storrs L. . Olson . 1977 . Notes on Subfossil Anatidae from New Zealand, Including A New Species of Pink-Eared Duck Malacorhynchus . Emu . 77 . 3 . 132–135 . 10.1071/mu9770132.
33. Rafael . Alvarez . 1977 . A Pleistocene Avifauna from Jalisco, Mexico . Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology University of Michigan . 24 . 19 . 205–220 .
34. Storrs L. . Olson . 1977 . A Great Auk, Pinguinis [''sic''], from the Pliocene of Nebraska (Aves: Alcidae) ]. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . 90 . 3 . 690–697 .
35. Gerald . Mayr . 2008 . Phylogenetic Affinities of the Enigmatic Avian Taxon Zygodactylus Based on New Material from the Early Oligocene of France . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 6 . 3 . 333–344 . 10.1017/s1477201907002398. 84422594 .
36. Colin J. O. . Harrison . 1982 . Cuculiform, Piciform, and Passeriform Birds in the Lower Eocene of England . Tertiary Research . 4 . 71–81 .
37. Patricia . Vickers Rich . Allan R. . McEvey . 1977 . A New Owlet-Nightjar from the Early to Mid-Miocene of Eastern New South Wales . Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria . 38 . 247–253 . 10.24199/j.mmv.1977.38.04 . 2014-09-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140912140111/http://biostor.org/cache/pdf/2b/0f/f4/2b0ff496e5aa84ee4ab375d0083fe630.pdf . 2014-09-12 . dead .
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