1934 Explained

Events

January–February

See main article: January 1934.

See main article: February 1934.

• January 1 – The International Telecommunication Union, a specialist agency of the League of Nations, is established.^[1]
• January 15 – The 8.0 Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people.^[2]
• January 26 – A 10-year German–Polish declaration of non-aggression is signed by Nazi Germany and the Second Polish Republic.
• January 30
  • In Nazi Germany, the political power of federal states such as Prussia is substantially abolished by the "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich" (Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reiches).
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, signs the Gold Reserve Act: all gold held in the Federal Reserve is to be surrendered to the United States Department of the Treasury; immediately following, the President raises the statutory gold price from US$20.67 per ounce to $35.
• February 6 – French political crisis: The French far-right leagues rally in front of the Palais Bourbon, in an attempted coup d'état against the Third Republic.^[3]
• February 9
  • Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.
  • Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia form the Balkan Pact.
• February 12–15 – Austrian Civil War: The Fatherland Front consolidates its power in a series of clashes across the country.
• February 16 – The Commission of Government is sworn in, as a form of direct rule for the Dominion of Newfoundland.
• February 21 – Augusto César Sandino is assassinated in Managua, by the National Guard.
• February 23 – King Leopold III of Belgium succeeds to the throne, following the death (February 17) of his father King Albert I.

March–April

See main article: March 1934.

See main article: April 1934.

• March 1 – Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria established in 1932, proclaimed a monarchy under Puyi.
• March 12 – Prime Minister Konstantin Päts stages a self-coup by declaring a state of emergency in Estonia, with the approval of the parliament, beginning the country's Era of Silence.
• March 13 – John Dillinger and his gang rob the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa, United States, stealing $52,000.
• March 20 – The Great Hakodate Fire kills at least 2,166 people in southern Hokkaido, Japan.
• March 24 – The Tydings–McDuffie Act is passed, allowing the Philippines a greater degree of self-government from the United States.
• April 21 – The "surgeon's photograph" of the Loch Ness Monster, taken in Scotland by London gynaecologist Robert Kenneth Wilson and in 1994 admitted to be a hoax, is published in the Daily Mail London national newspaper.^[4]

May–June

See main article: May 1934.

See main article: June 1934.

• May 1 – The May Constitution of 1934 heralds the beginning of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria.
• May 15 – Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.
• May 19 – Kimon Georgiev stages a coup d'état in Bulgaria.
• May 23 – American outlaws Bonnie and Clyde are ambushed and killed by police in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.
• May 28 – Near Callander, Ontario, Canada, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne, becoming the first quintuplets to survive infancy.
• May 31 – The Barmen Declaration, largely drafted by Karl Barth, is signed by Christians in Nazi Germany who are opposed to the pro-Nazi German Christian movement.^[5]
• June 9 – Donald Duck makes his film debut in Walt Disney's Silly Symphony cartoon The Wise Little Hen.^[6]
• June 10 – Italy beats Czechoslovakia 2–1 after extra time, to win the 1934 World Cup, staged in Italy.
• June 14 – Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet for the first time, at the Venice Biennale.
• June 18 – The Indian Reorganization Act is enacted.
• June 27 – Imam Yahya of Yemen and Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.
• June 30 – July 2 – Night of the Long Knives in Germany: Nazis purge the Sturmabteilung (SA), the left-wing Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, and prominent conservative anti-Nazis, in a series of political murders.
• June 30 – The Nazi Party SA camp Oranienburg becomes a national camp, taken over by the Schutzstaffel (SS).

July–August

See main article: July 1934.

See main article: August 1934.

• July 13 – Hitler gives a speech to the Reichstag, justifying his purge.
• July 25 – July Putsch: Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, during a failed coup attempt.
• August 2 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany, or head of state combined with that of Chancellor, following the death of President Paul von Hindenburg.
• August 8 – The Wehrmacht swears a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.
• August 15 – The United States Marine Corps leaves Haiti.
• August 19 – 1934 German referendum: In a referendum, 90% of the German population approves of Hitler's assumption of presidential powers, as Führer and Reichskanzler.

September–October

See main article: September 1934.

See main article: October 1934.

• September 4 – Evelyn Waugh's novel A Handful of Dust was first published in full.^[7]
• September 5–10 – The 6th Nuremberg Rally is staged by the German Nazi Party.
• September 8 – Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner kills 134 people.
• September 15 – 1934 Australian federal election: Joseph Lyons' UAP government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party, led by former Prime Minister James Scullin. Consequently, Lyons is forced to resume the Coalition with the Country Party, and include them in his government. Scullin steps down from the Labor leadership shortly after; he is replaced by future Prime Minister John Curtin.
• September 19
  • The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.
  • Bruno Richard Hauptmann is arrested in connection with the Lindbergh kidnapping case in the U.S.
• September 21 – The Muroto typhoon in Honshū, Japan kills 3,036 people, and destroys the temple, schools, and other buildings in Osaka.
• September 22 – A gas explosion at Gresford Colliery in Wrexham, north-east Wales, kills 266 miners and rescuers.
• September 28 – Afghanistan joins the League of Nations.
• October 2 – A typhoon in Osaka and Kyoto, Japan, kills 1,660, injures 5,400, and destroys the rice harvest.
• October 6 – Events of October the 6th: the President of Catalonia, Lluís Companys, declares the Catalan State of the Spanish Federal Republic, but Spanish troops swiftly crush the Catalan forces, and arrest him and the members of the Catalan government. The autonomy of Catalonia is suspended until 1936.
• October 9 – King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated, during the king's state visit in Marseille.
• October 16 – The Long March of the People's Liberation Army of the Chinese Communist Party begins.
• October 20–November 3 – Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first eastward crossing of the Pacific Ocean, from his native Brisbane, Australia, to San Francisco, in the Lockheed Altair Lady Southern Cross. The November 3 Hawaii–San Francisco leg is the first eastward flight from Hawaii to North America.
• October 20–November 5 – The MacRobertson Air Race is flown from RAF Mildenhall in England to Melbourne, Australia, to celebrate the centenary of the state of Victoria. The overall winner is the British de Havilland DH.88 Comet G-ACSS Grosvenor House, flown by C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black.

November–December

See main article: November 1934.

See main article: December 1934.

• November 6 – Attempted exclusion of Egon Kisch from Australia begins.^[8]
• November 23 – An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lies well within Ethiopian territory. This encounter leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
• November 27 – Daniel Salamanca Urey, President of Bolivia, is deposed in a military coup, and replaced by José Luis Tejada Sorzano.
• December 2 – The continental jazz group Quintette du Hot Club de France first performs in Paris, led by guitarist Django Reinhardt, with violinist Stéphane Grappelli.
• December 5 – Abyssinia Crisis: Ethiopian and Italian troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and for the Italians 50.
• December 21 – The orchestral suite Lieutenant Kijé, one of Sergei Prokofiev's best-known works, is premiered.^[9]
• December 27 – Persia becomes Iran.
• December 29 – Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.

Date unknown

• Winter – Tadj ol-Molouk, Empress consort of Iran, and her daughters appear publicly in Tehran without a veil, leading to its abolition in the country.
• Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of Ivory Coast.
• The sonoluminescence effect is discovered, at the University of Cologne.
• The Australian frontier wars end, after 146 years.
• The Yomiuri Giants, a successful professional baseball club in Japan, is founded in Tokyo.^{[10] [11]}

Births

January

• January 2 – Wael Zwaiter, Palestinian writer (d. 1972)
• January 3 – Carla Anderson Hills, American politician, lawyer and former government official
• January 4 – Rudolf Schuster, 2nd President of Slovakia^[12]
• January 5 – Eddy Pieters Graafland, Dutch football goalkeeper (d. 2020)
• January 7
  • Charles Jenkins, American sprinter^[13]
  • Tassos Papadopoulos, Cypriot politician, 5th President of Cyprus (d. 2008)^[14]
• January 8  - Jacques Anquetil, French road cyclist (d. 1987)
• January 10 – Leonid Kravchuk, President of Ukraine (d. 2022)^[15]
• January 11 – Jean Chrétien, 20th Prime Minister of Canada^[16]
  • • January 14 Richard Briers, English actor (d. 2013)^[17]
  • Pierre Darmon, French tennis player^[18]
• January 16 – Marilyn Horne, American mezzo-soprano^[19]
• January 17 – Cedar Walton, American jazz pianist (d. 2013)^[20]
• January 18 – Raymond Briggs, British writer and illustrator (d. 2022)^[21]
• January 20 – Tom Baker, British actor
• January 21 – Ann Wedgeworth, American actress (d. 2017)^[22]
  • • January 22 Bill Bixby, American actor and director (d. 1993)
  • Sugathakumari, Indian poet and activist (d. 2020)
• January 24 – Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet and dramatist (d. 1976)
• January 27 – Édith Cresson, Prime Minister of France^[23]
• January 30 – Tammy Grimes, American actress (d. 2016)
• January 31 – Eva Mozes Kor, Romanian Holocaust survivor and author (d. 2019)

February

• February 5 – Don Cherry, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and commentator
• February 7
  • Eddie Fenech Adami, 10th Prime Minister of Malta and 7th President of Malta
  • King Curtis, African-American saxophonist (d. 1971)
• February 10 – Fleur Adcock, New Zealand poet (d. 2024)
• February 11
  • Mel Carnahan, American lawyer, politician, and 51st governor of Missouri (d. 2000)
  • Manuel Noriega, Panamanian military dictator (d. 2017)
  • John Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2017)
• February 12 – Anne Krueger, American economist
• February 13 – George Segal, American actor (d. 2021)^[24]
• February 14 – Florence Henderson, American actress, singer and television personality (d. 2016)
• February 15 – Niklaus Wirth, Swiss computer scientist (d. 2024)
• February 17
  • Sir Alan Bates, British actor (d. 2003)
  • Barry Humphries, Australian actor, comedian (d. 2023)
    • February 18 Anna Maria Ferrero, Italian actress (d. 2018)
  • Paco Rabanne, Spanish fashion designer (d. 2023)
  • Audre Lorde, American writer, professor, philosopher, intersectional feminist, poet and civil rights activist (d. 1992)
• February 21 – Rue McClanahan, American actress (d. 2010)
• February 24
  • George Ryan, former Governor of Illinois
  • Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
  • Renata Scotto, Italian soprano (d. 2023)
  • Bingu wa Mutharika, Malawian President, economist (d. 2012)
• February 27 – Ralph Nader, American consumer activist and presidential candidate

March

• March 1 – Joan Hackett, American actress (d. 1983)
• March 2 – Bernard Rands, British-American composer
• March 3 – Bobby Locke, American baseball player (d. 2020)
• March 4
  • Anne Haney, American actress (d. 2001)
  • Gia Scala, British actress (d. 1972)
• March 5 – Daniel Kahneman, Israeli economist and Nobel laureate (d. 2024)
• March 6 – Milton Diamond, American sexologist and professor of anatomy and reproductive biology^[25] (d. 2024)
• March 9
  • Yuri Gagarin, Russian cosmonaut, first human in space (d. 1968)^[26]
  • Joyce Van Patten, American actress
• March 12 – Francisco J. Ayala, Spanish-American evolutionary biologist, philosopher, and Catholic priest (d. 2023)
• March 14
  • Eugene Cernan, American astronaut (d. 2017)
  • Dionigi Tettamanzi, Italian cardinal (d. 2017)
• March 16 – Ray Hnatyshyn, Canadian statesman, 24th Governor-General of Canada (d. 2002)
• March 18 – Charley Pride, American country musician (d. 2020)
• March 20 – David Malouf, Australian writer^[27]
• March 23 – Ludvig Faddeev, Russian physicist and mathematician (d. 2017)
• March 25
  • Johnny Burnette, American rockabilly singer, songwriter and musician (d. 1964)
  • Gloria Steinem, American feminist^[28]
• March 26 – Alan Arkin, American actor (d. 2023)
• March 30 – Hans Hollein, Austrian architect and designer (d. 2014)
• March 31
  • Richard Chamberlain, American actor^[29]
  • Shirley Jones, American singer and actress^[29]
  • John D. Loudermilk, American singer-songwriter (d. 2016)^[30]
  • Carlo Rubbia, Italian Nobel physicist^[31]
  • Kamala Surayya, Indian poet and author (d. 2009)

April

• April 1
  • Vladimir Posner, Russian journalist
  • Pascal Rakotomavo, 10th prime minister of Madagascar (d. 2010)
• April 2 – Paul Cohen, American mathematician (d. 2007)
• April 3
  • Pina Pellicer, Mexican actress (d. 1964)
  • Jane Goodall, British zoologist^[32]
• April 5 – Roman Herzog, 9th President of Germany (d. 2017)^[33]
• April 6 – Anton Geesink, Dutch 10th-dan judoka (d. 2010)^[34]
• April 10 – Nashruddin Zakaria, Indonesian civil servant, preacher, and Imam (d. 1999)
• April 11 – Mark Strand, Canadian-born American poet (d. 2014)^[35]
• April 14 – Fredric Jameson, American literary critic, philosopher, and Marxist political theorist (d. 2024)
• April 16 – Victor "Vicar" José Arriagada Ríos, Spanish cartoonist (d. 2012)
• April 18 – James Drury, American actor (d. 2020)^[36]
• April 20 – John Malecela, 6th prime minister of Tanzania^[37]
• April 24
  • Jayakanthan, Tamil writer (d. 2015)
  • Shirley MacLaine, American actress, dancer, writer^[38]
• April 28 – James Flynn, American-born New Zealand moral philosopher and intelligence researcher (d. 2020)
• April 29
  • Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires, President of Cape Verde^[39]
  • Luis Aparicio, Venezuelan baseball player

May

• May 3
  • Henry Cooper, British boxer (d. 2011)
  • Frankie Valli, American musician (The Four Seasons)
• May 4 – Tatiana Samoilova, Russian actress (d. 2014)
• May 9
  • Alan Bennett, British playwright, screenwriter, actor, and author
  • Lee Hong-koo, South Korean politician, 26th Prime Minister of South Korea
• May 16 – Kenneth O. Morgan, Welsh historian
• May 21 – Bengt I. Samuelsson, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2024)
• May 23 – Robert Moog, American inventor of the synthesizer (d. 2005)
• May 27 – Harlan Ellison, American writer (d. 2018)
• May 28 – The Dionne quintuplets, Canadian quintuplets, first known set of quintuplets to survive infancy:
  • Annette
  • Cécile
  • Émilie (d. 1954)
  • Marie (d. 1970)
  • Yvonne (d. 2001)
• May 30 – Alexei Leonov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2019)
  • • May 31 Bhagwatikumar Sharma, Indian author and journalist (d. 2018)
  • Jim Hutton American actor (d. 1979)
  • Ira Rennert, American billionaire and businessman

June

• June 1 – Pat Boone, American actor and singer^[40]
• June 4 – Dame Daphne Sheldrick, Kenyan conservationist and author (d. 2018)^[41]
• June 5 – Chennupati Vidya, Indian politician and social worker (d. 2018)
• June 6 – King Albert II of Belgium^[42]
• June 7
  • Philippe Entremont, French concert pianist.
  • Koloa Talake, 7th prime minister of Tuvalu (d. 2008)
• June 9 – Jackie Wilson, American singer (d. 1984)^[43]
• June 11 – Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark, French-born consort of the Danish monarch (d. 2018)
• June 15
  • Rubén Aguirre, Mexican actor and comedian (d. 2016)^[44]
  • Stefan Kwoczała, Polish motorcycle speedway rider (d. 2019)
• June 16
  • Dame Eileen Atkins, British actress^[45]
  • William F. Sharpe, American economist and Nobel laureate^[46]
• June 19 – Désiré Rakotoarijaona, 4th prime minister of Madagascar^[47]
• June 23 – Virbhadra Singh, Indian politician (d. 2021)
• June 26 – Dave Grusin, American composer, arranger, producer, and pianist
• June 27
  • Ed Hobaugh, American Major League Baseball player
  • Richard Allen Shapiro, American screenwriter, producer
    • June 28 Asker Abiyev, Azerbaijani mathematician
  • Michael Artin, American mathematician
• June 29 – Susan George, American and French political, social scientist, activist and writer
• June 30
  • C. N. R. Rao, Indian chemist
  • Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, Brazilian economist and social scientist

July

• July 1
  • Alicia Terzian, Argentine conductor, musicologist and composer
  • Ilselil Larsen, Danish actress
  • Sydney Pollack, American film director (d. 2008)
  • Jamie Farr, American actor
• July 3 – Stefan Abadzhiev, Bulgarian football player (d. 2024)
• July 5 – Adriana Roel, Mexican actress (d. 2022)
• July 7
  • Raphael Owor, Ugandan physician, pathologist, academic and medical researcher
  • Kedarnath Singh, Indian poet (d. 2018)
  • Thomas Seebohm, phenomenological philosopher (d. 2014)
    • July 8 Fred Stewart, Canadian politician (d. 2022)
  • Ole Lund, Norwegian barrister and industrial leader
  • Marty Feldman, English comedy writer, comedian and actor (d. 1982)
    • July 9 Pierre Perret, French singer and composer
  • Michael Graves, American architect (d. 2015)^[48]
• July 10 – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer (d. 2012)
• July 11
  • Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer
  • Clark R. Rasmussen, American politician (d. 2024)^[49]
• July 12
  • Van Cliburn, American pianist (d. 2013)^[50]
  • Ulf Schmidt, Swedish tennis player
• July 13
  • Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer and Nobel laureate
  • Aleksei Yeliseyev, Russian cosmonaut
• July 14 – Ángel del Pozo, Spanish actor
  • • July 15 Harrison Birtwistle, British composer (d. 2022)^[51]
  • Tehemton Erach Udwadia, Indian surgeon and gastroenterologist (d. 2023)
• July 16 – George Hilton, Uruguayan-Italian actor (d. 2019)
• July 19 – Francisco de Sá Carneiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1980)
• July 22
  • Louise Fletcher, American actress (d. 2022)
  • Leon Rotman, Romanian sprint canoeist
  • Oluyemi Adeniji, Nigerian career diplomat, politician (d. 2017)
  • Junior Cook, American jazz tenor saxophonist (d. 1992)
• July 23 – Steve Lacy, American jazz saxophonist and composer (d. 2004)
• July 24 – P. S. Soosaithasan, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 2017)
• July 28 – Bud Luckey, American voice actor, Pixar animator (d. 2018)

August

• August 2 – Valery Bykovsky, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2019)
• August 3 – Jonas Savimbi, Angolan political and rebel leader (d. 2002)
• August 5 – Gay Byrne, Irish broadcaster (d. 2019)
  • • August 6 Piers Anthony, American author
  • Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, Italian–Brazilian actor, lyricist, poet and playwright (d. 2006)
  • Edmond Simeoni, Corsican politician and nationalist (d. 2018)
• August 8 – Cláudio Hummes, Brazilian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2022)
• August 11 – Viktor Tolmachev, Russian engineer (d. 2018)
  • • August 13 Gyoji Matsumoto, Japanese footballer (d. 2019)
  • Seraphim Rose, American hieromonk (d. 1982)
    • August 15 Nino Ferrer, French singer (d. 1998)^[52]
  • André Bo-Boliko Lokonga, Congolese politician (d. 2018)
    • August 16 Angela Buxton, British tennis player (d. 2020)^[53]
  • Diana Wynne Jones, British novelist, poet, academic, literary critic, and short story writer (d. 2011)
• August 17 – Ben Humphreys, Australian politician (d. 2019)
• August 18
  • Ronnie Carroll, Northern Irish singer (d. 2015)
  • Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (d. 1972)
  • Gulzar, Indian film director, lyricist and poet
• August 19 – Renée Richards, American ophthalmologist and tennis player^[54]
• August 20 – Armi Kuusela, Miss Universe 1952 from Finland
• August 22 – Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Army general (d. 2012)^[55]
• August 24 – Kenny Baker, English actor (d. 2016)
• August 25
  • Zilda Arns, Brazilian pediatrician, aid worker (d. 2010)
  • Hsiao Teng-tzang, Taiwanese politician (d. 2017)
  • Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, 4th President of Iran (d. 2017)
• August 28 – Zeng Shiqiang, Taiwanese sinologist, scholar, and writer (d. 2018)
• August 30 – Anatoly Solonitsyn, Russian actor (d. 1982)

September

• September 1 – Léon Mébiame, Gabonese politician (d. 2015)
• September 4
  • Clive Granger, Welsh-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009)
  • Juraj Herz, Slovak film director, actor, and scenic designer (d. 2018)
  • Eduard Khil, Russian baritone singer ("Trololo") (d. 2012)
  • Zaid ibn Shaker, 3-time prime minister of Jordan (d. 2002)
  • Jan Švankmajer, Czech filmmaker, artist
• September 6 – Marshall Rosenberg, American psychologist and writer (d. 2015)
  • • September 7 Sunil Gangopadhyay, Indian author and poet (d. 2012)
  • Omar Karami, 29th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2015)
• September 8 – Peter Maxwell Davies, English composer (d. 2016)
• September 9
  • Nicholas Liverpool, Dominican lawyer, politician, and 6th President of Dominica (d. 2015)
  • Waldo Machado, Brazilian footballer (d. 2019)
• September 13 – Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Polish actor (d. 2009)
• September 16
  • Elgin Baylor, American basketball player and executive^[56] (d. 2021)
  • Ronnie Drew, Irish singer with The Dubliners band (d. 2008)
• September 17 – Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (d. 1969)
• September 19 – Brian Epstein, British manager of the Beatles, co-founder of Northern Songs (d. 1967)
• September 20
  • Rajinder Puri, Indian cartoonist, veteran columnist and political activist (d. 2015)
  • Sophia Loren, Italian actress
  • Takayuki Kubota, Japanese martial artist, founder of the Gosoku-ryu style of karate (d. 2024)
• September 21
  • Leonard Cohen, Canadian poet, novelist, singer and songwriter (d. 2016)
  • David J. Thouless, Scottish-born condensed-matter physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2019)
  • María Rubio, Mexican actress (d. 2018)
• September 23 – Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan (d. 2024)
• September 27 – Wilford Brimley, American actor and singer (d. 2020)
• September 28 – Brigitte Bardot, French actress, animal rights activist
• September 29 – Idowu Sofola, Nigerian jurist (d. 2018)
• September 30 – Udo Jürgens, Austrian-Swiss composer, popular music singer (d. 2014)

October

• October 4 – Joe Williams, Cook Islands politician (d. 2020)
• October 5 – Angelo Buono, American serial killer (d. 2002)^[57]
• October 7 – Amiri Baraka, African-American poet, playwright and activist (d. 2014)^[58]
  • • October 9 Jacobo Majluta Azar, 47th President of the Dominican Republic (d. 1996)
  • Harald Grønningen, Norwegian cross-country skier (d. 2016)
  • Abdullah Ibrahim, South African pianist and composer
• October 12 – Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani, Prime Minister of Yemen (d. 2015)
• October 13 – Nana Mouskouri, Greek popular singer
• October 17
  • Alan Garner,English young adult fiction writer
  • Rico Rodriguez, Cuban-British musician (d. 2015)
• October 18 – Inger Stevens, Swedish actress (d. 1970)
  • • October 19 Richard Arrington Jr., first Black mayor of Birmingham, Alabama
  • Yakubu Gowon, Nigerian politician^[59]
  • Glória Menezes, Brazilian actress
• October 20
  • Empress Michiko, Japanese consort of Emperor Akihito
  • Timothy West, English actor and presenter (d. 2024)
• October 28 – Martin van der Borgh, Dutch road racing cyclist (d. 2018)
• October 29 – Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (d. 2017)
• October 30 – Frans Brüggen, Dutch baroque conductor and woodwind player (d. 2014)^[60]
• October 31 – Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, Princess of Sweden

November

• November 1 – Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (d. 2004)
• November 2 – Ken Rosewall, Australian tennis champion^[61]
• November 5 – Kira Muratova, Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and actress (d. 2018)
• November 9
  • Ingvar Carlsson, twice prime minister of Sweden^[62]
  • Hamilton Green, 4th prime minister of Guyana^[63]
  • Carl Sagan, American astronomer, writer, and TV presenter (d. 1996)^[64]
  • Tengiz Sigua, 2nd Prime Minister of Georgia (d. 2020)
• November 11 – Elżbieta Krzesińska, Polish athlete (d. 2015)
• November 12
  • Charles Manson, American cult leader and murderer (d. 2017)
  • John McGahern, Irish writer and novelist (d. 2006)
• November 13 – Garry Marshall, American film producer, director and actor (d. 2016)^[65]
• November 15 – Sam C. Pointer Jr, American jurist and United States district judge from 1970 to 2000 (d. 2008)
• November 21 – Carl-Henning Wijkmark, Swedish novelist and translator (d. 2020)
• November 23 – Lew Hoad, Australian tennis champion (d. 1994)
• November 24 – Alfred Schnittke, Soviet (Volga German) composer (d. 1998)
• November 30 – Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (d. 2008)

December

• December 1 – Billy Paul, African-American singer (d. 2016)
  • • December 3 Abimael Guzmán, Peruvian politician, leader of Shining Path (d. 2021)
  • Viktor Gorbatko, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017)
• December 5 – Joan Didion, American novelist (d. 2021)
• December 8 – Alisa Freindlich, Soviet and Russian actress
• December 9
  • Judi Dench, English actress
  • Junior Wells, American harmonica player (d. 1998)^[66]
• December 10 – Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
• December 11 – Radha Viswanathan, Indian vocalist, classical dancer (d. 2018)
• December 12 – Miguel de la Madrid, 52nd president of Mexico (d. 2012)
• December 13 – Richard D. Zanuck, American producer (d. 2012)^[67]
• December 14 – Shyam Benegal, Indian film director and screenwriter
• December 15 – Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, 6th president of Somalia (d. 2012)
• December 16 – Meng Zhizhong, Chinese engineer (d. 2019)
• December 17 – Shan Tianfang, Chinese pingshu performer (d. 2018)
• December 18
  • Marc Rich, Belgian-born commodities trader (d. 2013)
  • Lely Sulastri, Indonesian actress and dancer
  • Boris Volynov, Russian cosmonaut
  • John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, British peer and an Anglo-Irish aristocrat (declared dead 2016)
• December 19
  • Aki Aleong, Trinidad and Tobago-born American actor
  • Pratibha Patil, President of India
• December 24 – Stjepan Mesić, 2nd President of Croatia
• December 25 – Phan Văn Khải, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2018)
• December 27
  • Christopher Benjamin, British actor
  • Larisa Latynina, Ukrainian gymnast
• December 28
  • Alasdair Gray, Scottish fiction writer and artist (d. 2019)
  • Forough Farrokhzad, Iranian poet, writer and filmmaker (d. 1967)^[68]
  • Maggie Smith, English actress^[69] (d. 2024)
  • Yujiro Ishihara, Japanese actor (d. 1987)
• December 30
  • Del Shannon, American singer (Runaway) (d. 1990)
  • Russ Tamblyn, American film and television actor

Date Unknown

• Sheila Hicks, American artist
• Gerald Vizenor, American writer and scholar

Deaths

January

• January 1 – Jakob Wassermann, German writer (b. 1873)
  • • January 6 Herbert Chapman, English football manager (b. 1878)
  • Alister MacKenzie, Scottish golf course architect (b. 1870)
• January 7 – Augustin Dubail, French general (b. 1851)
• January 8 – Andrei Bely, Russian writer (b. 1880)
• January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. 1909)
• January 11 – Helen Zimmern, German-born British writer and translator (b. 1846)
• January 15 – Hermann Bahr, Austrian writer and playwright (b. 1863)
• January 16 – Henry Walter Barnett, Australian photographer and filmmaker (b. 1862)
• January 21 – Aref Qazvini, Iranian poet, lyricist and musician (b. 1882)
• January 22 – Robert Brady, American criminal (b. 1904)
• January 23 – Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway, Scottish politician and jurist (b. 1850)
• January 29 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)

February

• February 2 – Maria Domenica Mantovani, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862)^[70]
• February 3 – Eleonora de Cisneros, American opera singer (b. 1878)
• February 5 – William Morris Davis, American geographer (b. 1850)
• February 9 – Claudio Williman, 20th President of Uruguay (b. 1861)
• February 12 – Pat Marsh (ice hockey), British ice hockey administrator (b. 1934)
• February 17 – King Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875)
• February 19 – Caleb Bradham, American pharmacist, inventor of Pepsi (b. 1867)^[71]
• February 21 – Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan revolutionary and rebel (murdered) (b. 1895)
• February 23
  • Sir Edward Elgar, British composer (b. 1857)
  • Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril, Indian Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1858)
    • February 25 John McGraw, American baseball manager and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1873)
  • Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, American botanist, bryologist, and educator (b. 1858)

March

• March 1
  • Wilhelm Diegelmann, German actor (b. 1861)
  • Charles Webster Leadbeater, British author and Theosophist (b. 1854)
• March 2 – John Smith Archibald, Canadian architect (b. 1872)
• March 4 – William A. Chanler, American soldier, explorer, and politician (b. 1867)
• March 7 – John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, Scottish politician, Governor General of Canada (b. 1847)
• March 14
  • João do Canto e Castro, Portuguese army officer, 67th Prime Minister of Portugal and 5th President of Portugal (b. 1862)
  • Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma (b. 1886)
• March 15 – Davidson Black, Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b. 1884)
• March 19 – Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, British army general (b. 1857)
• March 20
  • Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Dutch Queen and regent (b.1858)
  • Sydney Deane, Australian cricketer and actor (b. 1863)
• March 21
  • Nicanor Abelardo, Filipino composer (b. 1873)
  • Lilyan Tashman, American actress (b. 1896)
• March 26 – Alfredo Acton, Italian admiral and politician (b. 1867)^[72]
• March 27 – Francis William Reitz, 5th president of the Orange Free State (b. 1844)
• March 28 – Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (b. 1891)
• March 29 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born philanthropist (b. 1867)
• March 30
  • Paul Cazeneuve, French politician (b. 1852)
  • Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar, Scottish politician, 8th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1860)

April

• April 7
  • Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild, French socialite (b. 1864)
  • Karl von Einem, German general (b. 1853)
• April 9 – Safvet-beg Basagic, Yugoslav writer (b. 1870)
• April 11
  • Gerald du Maurier, British actor (b. 1873)
  • John Collier, British painter (b. 1850)
• April 15 – Karl Dane, Danish actor (b. 1886)
• April 18 – Raffaele Garofalo, Italian criminologist and jurist (b. 1851)
• April 21 – Carsten Borchgrevink, Anglo-Norwegian polar explorer (b. 1864)
• April 26
  • Arturs Alberings, 6th Prime Minister of Latvia (b. 1876)
  • John Hamilton, Canadian gangster (b. 1899)
• April 27 – Joe Vila, American sportswriter (b. 1866)
• April 28 – Charley Patton, American Delta blues musician
• April 30 – Hugh L. Scott, United States Army general (b. 1853)

May

• May 12 – Gertrude Abbott Australian abbott (b. 1846)
• May 17 – Cass Gilbert, American architect (b. 1859)
• May 19 – Edward William Nelson, American naturalist (b. 1855)
• May 21 – James Durkin, Canadian-born American actor (b. 1879)
• May 23
  • Clyde Barrow, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (b. 1909)
  • Bonnie Parker, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (b. 1910)
• May 24 – Brand Whitlock, American journalist and politician (b. 1869)
• May 25 – Gustav Holst, British composer (b. 1874)
• May 26 – Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (b. 1841)
• May 29 – Eugenie Besserer, American silent film actress (b. 1868)^[73]
• May 30
  • Tōgō Heihachirō, Japanese admiral (b. 1848)
  • Julia Lopes de Almeida, Brazilian advocate and writer (b. 1862)
• May 31 – Lew Cody, American actor (b. 1884)

June

• June 8
  • Dorothy Dell, American actress (b. 1915)
• June 9 – Medeiros e Albuquerque, Brazilian poet and politician (b. 1867)
• June 10 – Frederick Delius, British composer (b. 1862)
• June 11 – Lev Vygotsky, Russian developmental psychologist (b. 1896)
• June 19 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe (b. 1872)
• June 25 – Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (b. 1888)
• June 27 – Francesco Buhagiar, 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1876)
• June 30 – Murdered during the Night of the Long Knives:
  • Karl Ernst, Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b. 1904)
  • Fritz Gerlich, German journalist (b. 1883)
  • Edmund Heines, Deputy SA leader (b. 1897)
  • Gustav von Kahr, German politician (b. 1862)
  • Kurt von Schleicher, 23rd Chancellor of Germany (b. 1882)
  • Gregor Strasser, German Nazi politician (b. 1892)

July

• • • July 1 Ernst Röhm, German politician, Nazi SA Leader (assassinated) (b. 1887)
  • Edgar Jung, German lawyer and political activist (assassinated) (b. 1894)
    • July 3 Emma Irene Åström, Finnish teacher, Finland's first female university graduate (b. 1847)
  • Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Dutch prince consort (b. 1876)
• July 4
  • Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867)
  • Hayim Nahman Bialik, Russian-born Jewish poet, considered Israel's national poet (b. 1873)
• July 5 – Ahmad Zaki Pasha, Egyptian philologist (b. 1867)
• July 6
  • Alec B. Francis, English actor (b. 1867)
  • Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1866)
• July 7 – Menahem Mendel Beilis, Russian Jew accused of ritual murder (b. 1874)
• July 8 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (b. 1848)
• July 10 – Erich Mühsam, German author (b. 1878)^[74]
  • • July 13 Kate Sheppard, New Zealand women's suffragist (b. 1848)
  • Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1891)
    • July 15 Louis F. Gottschalk, American composer (b. 1864)
  • Jules Renkin, Belgian politician and 28th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1862)
• July 16 – Carlo Bergamini, Italian sculptor (b. 1868)
• July 20 – Padre Cicero, Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and reverend (b. 1844)
• July 21 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (b. 1854)
• July 22 – John Dillinger, American gangster (b. 1903)
• July 23 – María Pilar López de Maturana Ortiz de Zárate, Spanish Roman Catholic religious blessed and blessed (b. 1884)
• July 24 – Hans Hahn, Austrian mathematician (b. 1879)
• July 25
  • François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (b. 1874)
  • Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian statesman and 10th Chancellor of Austria (assassinated) (b. 1892)
  • Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist (b. 1888)
• July 26
  • Winsor McCay, American comic creator and animator (b. 1869)
  • Rudolf Maister, Slovene military officer, leader of "Maister's Fighters" (b. 1874)
• July 27 – Hubert Lyautey, French general and colonial administrator. (b. 1854)
• July 28
  • Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868)
  • Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (b. 1876)
  • Edith Yorke, British actress (b. 1867)
• July 30 – Sir Henry Norris, British politician and businessman (b. 1865)

August

• August 2 – Paul von Hindenburg, German general and politician, 2nd President of Germany (b. 1847)
• August 7  - Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1860)
• August 8 – Wilbert Robinson, American baseball manager and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1863)
• August 9 – Alfred Steux, Belgian road racing cyclist (b. 1892)
• August 10 – George Hill, American director (b. 1895)
• August 13 – Mary Hunter Austin, American writer of fiction and non-fiction (b. 1868)
• August 14 – Raymond Hood, American architect (b. 1881)
• August 18 – Delilah Beasley, American historian and newspaper columnist (b. 1867)
• August 23 – Homer Van Meter, American criminal and bank robber (b. 1905)
• August 27 – Linda Agostini, British-born Australian homicide victim (b. 1905)
• August 28 – Sir Edgeworth David, British-born Australian geologist and explorer (b. 1858)

September

• September 1 – Fanny Davies, British pianist (b. 1861)
• September 2 – Russ Columbo, American singer and actor (b. 1908)
• September 9 – Roger Fry, British artist (b. 1866)
• September 10 – Sir George Henschel, English musician (b. 1850)
• September 13 – Serafina Astafieva, Russian ballet dancer (b. 1876)
• September 21 – Genevieve Stebbins, American author and teacher (b. 1857)
• September 22 – Charles Makley, American criminal (b. 1889)
• September 27 – Ellen Willmott, English horticulturalist (b. 1858)

October

• October 5 – Jean Vigo, French film director (b. 1905)
• October 9
  • King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (b. 1888) (assassinated)
  • Vlado Chernozemski, Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. 1897)
  • Saint Innocencio of Mary Immaculate, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1887)
    • October 12 Willy Clarkson, British costume designer and wigmaker (b. 1861)
  • Gertrude Käsebier, American photographer (b. 1852)
• October 14
  • Mikhail Matyushin, Russian painter and composer (b. 1861)
  • Sir Arthur Schuster, German-born British physicist (b. 1851)
• October 15 – Raymond Poincaré, 58th Prime Minister of France and 10th President of France during World War I (b. 1860)
• October 17 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1852)
• October 19 – Alexander von Kluck, German general (b. 1846)
• October 22 – Pretty Boy Floyd, American bank robber (shot by law officers) (b. 1904)
• October 24 – Giacomo Montalto, Italian socialist leader and politician (b. 1864)
• October 29 – Lou Tellegen, Dutch actor (b. 1881)

November

• November 2 – Edmond James de Rothschild, French philanthropist (b. 1845)
• November 3 – Sir Robert McAlpine, Scottish builder (b. 1847)
  • • November 8 James Mark Baldwin, American philosopher and psychologist (b. 1861)
  • Carlos Chagas, Brazilian sanitary physician, scientist, and microbiologist (b. 1879)
• November 9 – Librada Avelino, Filipina educator (b. 1873)
  • • November 16 Alice Liddell, English inspiration for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (b. 1852)
  • Carl von Linde, German scientist and engineer (b. 1842)
  • Georgi Todorov, Bulgarian general (b. 1858)
• November 20 – Willem de Sitter, Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer (b. 1872)
• November 22 – Harry Steppe, American vaudeville performer (b. 1888)
• November 24 – Jirō Tamon, Japanese general (b. 1878)
• November 27 – Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (b. 1908)
• November 30 – Hélène Boucher, French aviator (b. 1908)

December

• • • December 1 Sergey Kirov, Soviet politician (b. 1886)
  • Blind Blake, American blues singer (b. 1896)
• December 4 – Adrien de Gerlache, Belgian explorer (b. 1866)
• December 5 – Oskar von Hutier, German general (b. 1857)
• December 6 – Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1863)
• December 7  - Mary Baker McQuesten, Canadian letter writer and missionary (b. 1849)
• December 9 – Alceste De Ambris, Italian syndicalist (b. 1874)
• December 26 – Wallace Thurman, American writer (b. 1902)
  • • December 28 Lowell Sherman, American actor and director (b. 1888)
  • Pablo Gargallo, Spanish sculptor and painter (b. 1881)

Nobel Prizes

• Physics – Not awarded this year
• Chemistry – Harold Clayton Urey
• Physiology or Medicine – George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
• Literature – Luigi Pirandello
• Peace – Arthur Henderson

External links

• The 1930s Timeline: 1934 – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia

Notes and References

1. Book: League of Nations. Handbook of International Organisations: (associations, Bureaux, Committees, Etc.).. 1938. League of Nations. 392.
2. Book: Gerrit Jasper Schenk. Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe. 20 March 2017. Springer. 978-3-319-49163-9. 244.
3. Book: Gerd-Rainer Horn. European Socialists Respond to Fascism: Ideology, Activism and Contingency in the 1930s. 21 November 1996. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-987994-6. 72.
4. Book: David. Martin. Alastair. Boyd. 1999. Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed. East Barnet. authors. 0-9535708-0-0.
5. Book: Brown, Robert McAfee. 1986. Saying Yes and Saying No: On Rendering to God and Caesar. Philadelphia. Westminster Press. 19. 9780664246952. registration.
6. Book: Lenburg, Jeff. The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. 1999. Checkmark Books. 0-8160-3831-7. June 6, 2020. 74–76.
7. Book: Stannard, Martin. Evelyn Waugh, Volume I: The Early Years 1903–1939. Flamingo. London. 1993. 0-586-08678-1 . 374 - 375.
8. Egon Kisch-->. Egon. Kisch. Landung in Australien. 1937.
9. Book: MacDonald , Laurence E. . The Invisible Art of Film Music: A Comprehensive History. The Scarecrow Press. New York. 2013. 35. 978-0-8108-8397-0.
10. Book: Washington, Garrett. World History Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2011. Andrea. Alfred J.. 1st. Credo Reference.
11. Book: The Hutchinson Chronology of World History. Helicon. 2018. Credo Reference.
12. Book: Encyclopedia Britannica Almanac. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated. 2003. 9781593390730. 106.
13. Book: James Allen Page. Black Olympian Medalists. Libraries Unlimited. 1991. 9780872876187. 57.
14. Web site: Tassos Papadopoulos. 8 January 2009. Helena Smith. The Guardian. 23 September 2022.
15. Web site: Leonid Kravchuk, independent Ukraine's first president, dies at 88 . Reuters . 10 May 2022 . en . 10 May 2022.
16. Book: Frances Stanford. Prime Ministers of Canada Gr. 4-8. 2004. On The Mark Press. 978-1-77072-750-2. 61.
17. News: Richard Briers Obituary . . 23 February 2013 . 18 February 2013.
18. Joseph Siegman (2020). Jewish Sports Legends; The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame
19. Book: Jan Onofrio. Pennsylvania Biographical Dictionary. 1 January 1999. Somerset Publishers, Inc.. 978-0-403-09950-4. 576.
20. News: William Yardley. Cedar Walton, Pianist and Composer, Dies at 79. The New York Times. August 20, 2013. 10 June 2022.
21. Web site: Raymond Briggs obituary . the Guardian . 11 August 2022 . en . 10 August 2022.
22. News: Ann Wedgeworth, versatile Tony-winning stage actress and sitcom stalwart, dies at 83 . . November 18, 2017.
23. Web site: Edith Cresson . Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers . 27 July 2021 . en . 27 February 2020.
24. News: Bradshaw. Peter. George Segal: a defining face of 1970s Hollywood with a late-career resurgence. March 24, 2021. The Guardian. March 24, 2021.
25. Web site: Advisory Board. August 30, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090830062533/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/Entrance_Page/About_Us/Advisory_Board/advisory_board.htm#DIA. August 30, 2009.
26. Book: Paul Beaver. The Encyclopedia of Aviation. 1986. Octopus. 978-0-7064-2559-8. 166.
27. Book: Robert Ross. Robert S. Ross. Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology. 1999. Psychology Press. 978-0-8153-1431-8. 391.
28. Web site: Gloria Steinem . Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers . 26 July 2021 . en . 26 February 2019.
29. Book: ((Editors of Chase's)). Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. 24 September 2019. Rowman & Littlefield. 978-1-64143-316-7. 198.
30. News: Sweeting. Adam. John D Loudermilk obituary . November 22, 2016. The Guardian. September 27, 2016.
31. Book: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Views on Science Policy of the Nobel Laureates for 1984: Hearing Before the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, First Session, May 14, 1985. 1986. U.S. Government Printing Office. 15.
32. Book: Peggy Saari. Prominent Women of the 20th Century. 1996. U.X.L. 978-0-7876-0648-0. 430.
33. Web site: Obituary: Roman Herzog, German statesman. January 12, 2017. The Scotsman. April 24, 2022.
34. News: Anton Geesink obituary. 6 September 2010 . . Peter Nichols . 24 April 2022.
35. Web site: Mark Strand, former US poet laureate, dies aged 80. The Guardian. 3 December 2014. 30 November 2014.
36. News: James Drury, Taciturn Star of 'The Virginian,' Dies at 85. The New York Times. April 6, 2020. August 29, 2020. subscription.
37. Book: Tanzania. Bunge. Who is who for Members of Parliament. 2002. Clerk of the National Assembly, Tanzania National Assembly. 123.
38. Book: Contemporary. Contemporary Books. Chase's Annual Events: The Day-By-Day Directory to 1994. 1993. Contemporary books. 978-0-8092-3732-6. 178.
39. Book: Roger East. Richard Thomas. Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. 2003. Psychology Press. 978-1-85743-126-1. 93.
40. Book: Philip H. Ennis. The Seventh Stream: The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music. December 1992. Wesleyan University Press. 978-0-8195-6257-9. 246.
41. Book: Daphne Sheldrick. An African Love Story: Love, Life and Elephants. 1 March 2012. Penguin Books Limited. 978-0-14-196677-9. 30.
42. Book: Nick Heath-Brown. The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. 7 February 2017. Springer. 978-1-349-57823-8. 196.
43. Book: Tony Douglas. Jackie Wilson: Lonely Teardrops. 14 April 2016. Routledge. 978-1-136-77651-9. 14.
44. Web site: Profesor Jirafales creció en La Laguna: Cronista coahuilense. Milenio. 2 October 2019. Sergio Enrique. Guajardo. 2 September 2021. es.
45. Book: John Willis' Theatre World. 1979. Crown Publishers. 233.
46. Book: Karl-Goran Maler. Economic Sciences, 1981-1990: The Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. 1992. World Scientific. 978-981-02-0836-3. 303.
47. Book: Mark S. Hoffman. The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1989. December 1988. World Almanac Books. 978-0-88687-360-8. 695.
48. News: Michael Graves, Postmodernist Architect Who Designed Towers and Teakettles, Dies at 80 . . 12 March 2015 . 14 March 2015 . Robin Pogrebin .
49. Web site: Clark R. Rasmussen . Iowa Legislature . October 12, 2024.
50. News: Tommasini. Anthony . Van Cliburn, Cold War Musical Envoy, Dies at 78. March 27, 2017. . February 27, 2013.
51. Book: Earl of Harwood. The New Kobbé's Opera Book. 1997. Ebury Press. 978-0-09-181410-6. 61.
52. Book: David K. Frasier. Suicide in the Entertainment Industry: An Encyclopedia of 840 Twentieth-century Cases. 2002. McFarland. 978-0-7864-1038-5. 106.
53. News: Angela Buxton, Half of an Outcast Duo in Tennis History, Dies at 85. Katharine Q.. Seelye. The New York Times. August 28, 2020.
54. John Grasso (2011). Historical Dictionary of Tennis
55. Book: Laurie Collier Hillstrom. Julie Carnagie. War in the Persian Gulf Biographies: From Operation Desert Storm to Operation Iraqi Freedom. 2004. UXL. 978-0-7876-6564-7. 219.
56. Book: Paul T. Hellmann. Historical Gazetteer of the United States. 14 February 2006. Routledge. 1-135-94859-3. 180.
57. Web site: A Look Back: Hillside Strangler Serial Killer Angelo Buono Dies in Prison .
58. News: Amiri Baraka: Writer. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/amiri-baraka-writer-9052670.html . May 1, 2022 . subscription . live. The Independent. January 10, 2014. Marcus Williamson. April 21, 2022.
59. Book: African Leaders. Bankole Kamara Taylor. 151.
60. News: Vivien Schweitzer . Frans Brüggen, Pioneer in Early Music, Dies at 79 . The New York Times . August 25, 2014 . August 30, 2014.
61. Book: Celebrity Register. Simon and Schuster. 1973. 417.
62. Book: John Clements. Clements' Encyclopedia of World Governments. 1996. Political Research, Incorporated. 352.
63. Book: Guyana in Brief. 1973. The Ministry. 33.
64. Book: Ray Spangenburg. Kit Moser. Diane Moser. Carl Sagan: A Biography. 2004. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-32265-5. 19.
65. News: Bruce Weber . Garry Marshall, 'Pretty Woman' Director, Dies at 81; a TV and Film Comedy Mastermind . New York Times . 2016-07-20. May 12, 2020.
66. News: Junior Wells, Central Player in Chicago Blues Is Dead at Age 63. October 11, 2010 . New York Times. Ben. Ratliff. January 17, 1998.
67. News: . Obituary of Richard Zanuck . 16 July 2012 . 31 December 2018 . Telegraph Media Group Limited.
68. Web site: Forough Farrokhzhad's Biography & Unpublished Letters. March 11, 2016 . www.youtube.com.
69. Web site: Maggie Smith: A glorious antidote to the self-absorption of so many in her profession . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/maggie-smith-oscar-favourite-is-a-glorious-antidote-to-the-self-absorption-of-so-many-in-her-a6734096.html . May 1, 2022 . subscription . live . The Independent . 1 October 2020 . en . 13 November 2015.
70. Web site: Maria Domenica Mantovani. Catholic Readings. April 2, 2019. 19 December 2020.
71. Web site: The Independent 23 Feb 1934, page 1. Newspapers.com.
72. Web site: ACTON, Alfredo in "Dizionario Biografico". www.treccani.it. 1 February 2017.
73. Web site: Eugenie Besserer | American actress | Britannica. www.britannica.com.
74. Web site: Erich Mühsam. Spartacus Educational.