1900 Explained

As of March 1 (O.S. February 17), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not (which will not occur again until 2100), the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 13 days until February 28 (O.S. February 15), 2100. The year 1900 also marked the Year of the Rat on the Chinese calendar.

Events

January

See main article: January 1900.

• January 2 – U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote American trade with China.
• January 6 – Second Boer War: Boers attempt to end the Siege of Ladysmith, which leads to the Battle of Platrand.
• January 14
  • Puccini's opera Tosca premieres in Rome.
  • The U.S. Senate accepts the British-German Treaty of 1899, in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the American Samoa portion of the Samoan Islands.

• January 24 – Second Boer War: Battle of Spion Kop – Boer troops defeat the British Army.
• January 27 – Boxer Rebellion: Foreign diplomats in Peking, Qing dynasty China, demand that the Boxer rebels (who oppose foreign interests in the country) be disciplined.
• January 31 – Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of the Mat Salleh Rebellion in North Borneo, is shot dead in Tambunan.

February

See main article: February 1900.

• February 5 – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua.
• February 6 – The International Arbitration Court at The Hague is created, when the Netherlands' Senate ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree.
• February 8 – Second Boer War: British troops defeat the Boers at Ladysmith, South Africa.
• February 15 – Second Boer War: The Siege of Kimberley is lifted.
• February 16  - The Southern Cross expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink achieves a new Farthest South of 78° 50'S, making the first landing at the Great Ice Barrier.^[1]
• February 17 – Second Boer War: Battle of Paardeberg – British troops defeat the Boers.
• February 27
  • The British Labour Party is officially established, at a meeting in the Congregational Memorial Hall in London, and Ramsay MacDonald is appointed as its first secretary.
  • Second Boer War: British military leaders accept the unconditional notice of surrender from Boer General Piet Cronjé.
  • FC Bayern, Germany's most successful football club, is founded in Munich.

March

See main article: March 1900.

• March 5 – Two U.S. Navy cruisers are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
• March 6 – A coal mine explosion in West Virginia, United States, kills 50 miners.
• March 14 – Botanist Hugo de Vries rediscovers Mendel's laws of heredity.
• March 16 – British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans purchases the land on Crete on which the ruins of the Palace of Knossos stand. He begins to unearth some of the palace three days later.
• March 23 – Karl Landsteiner first reports his discovery of an accurate means for classifying a system of blood type, which will universally be referred to as the ABO blood group system^[2] and for which he will be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.

April

See main article: April 1900.

• April 14 – The Exposition Universelle, a world's fair, opens in Paris.
• April 22 – Battle of Kousséri: French forces secure their domination of Chad. Warlord Rabih az-Zubayr is defeated and killed.

May

See main article: May 1900.

• May – American explorer Robert Peary is the first person to sight Kaffeklubben Island.^[3]
• May 1 – Scofield Mine disaster: An explosion of blasting powder in a coal mine in Scofield, Utah, kills 200 people.
• May 14 – The second Olympic Games, Paris 1900, open (as part of the Paris World Exhibition).
• May 17
  • Second Boer War: The British Army relieves the Siege of Mafeking.
  • Boxer Rebellion: Boxers destroy three villages near Peking and kill 60 Chinese Christians.
  • L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is published in Chicago, the first of Baum's Oz books, chronicling the fictional Land of Oz for children.
• May 18 – The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.^[4]
• May 21 – Russia invades Manchuria.
• May 24 – Second Boer War: The British annex the Orange Free State, as the Orange River Colony.
• May 28 – Boxer Rebellion: Boxers attack Belgians in the Fengtai railway station.
• May 29 – N'Djamena, the capital city of Chad, is founded as Fort-Lamy, by French commander Émile Gentil.
• May 31 – Boxer Rebellion: Peacekeepers from various European countries arrive in China, where they eventually end up uniting with Japanese forces.

June

See main article: June 1900.

• June 5 – Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.
• June 11 – 1899–1900 peasant unrest in Bulgaria starts to turn passive.^[5]
• June 14 – The Reichstag approves the second of the German Naval Laws allowing expansion of the Imperial German Navy.
• June 17 – Boxer Rebellion: Battle of Dagu Forts – Naval forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance capture the Taku Forts, on the Hai River estuary in China.
• June 20 – Boxer Rebellion: Boxers gather about 20,000 people near Peking, and kill hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador.
• June 25 – Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu discovers the Dunhuang manuscripts, a cache of ancient texts that are of great historical and religious significance, in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, China, where they have been sealed since the early 11th century.
• June 30 – Hoboken Docks fire: A wharf fire at the docks in Hoboken, New Jersey, owned by the North German Lloyd Steamship line, spreads to German passenger ships, and . The fire engulfs the adjacent piers and nearby ships, killing 326 people.

July

See main article: July 1900.

• July 1 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria makes a morganatic marriage with Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg.
• July 2 – The first zeppelin airship flight, by Ferdinand Zeppelin's Zeppelin LZ 1 is carried out over Lake Constance, near Friedrichshafen, Germany.
• July 12 – The new German cruise liner SS Deutschland breaks the record for the Blue Riband for the first time with an average speed of 22.4kn.
• July 19 – The first line of the Paris Métro opens.
• July 23–25 – The First Pan-African Conference is held in London.
• July 29 – King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci in Monza.

August

See main article: August 1900.

• August – The first Michelin Guide is published in France.^{[6] [7]}
• August 14 – Boxer Rebellion: An international contingent of troops, under British command, invades Peking and frees the European hostages.

September

See main article: September 1900.

• September 8 – The 1900 Galveston hurricane makes landfall this evening; it will kill around 8,000 people, the deadliest hurricane in U.S. history.
• September 12 – Admiral Fredrik von Otter becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.
• September 13 – Philippine–American War: Battle of Pulang Lupa – Filipino resistance fighters defeat a detachment of American soldiers.
• September 17 – Philippine–American War: Battle of Mabitac – Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat the Americans, under Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham.

October

See main article: October 1900.

• October 9 – The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom.
• October 19 – Max Planck first states Planck's law of black-body radiation to a meeting of the German Physical Society in Berlin, marking the birth of modern quantum mechanics.^[8] He restates it on December 14.
• October 25 – The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal.

November

See main article: November 1900.

• November 6 – 1900 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent William McKinley is reelected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan in a rematch.
• November 29 – Herbert Kitchener succeeds Frederick Roberts as commander-in-chief of the British forces in South Africa and implements a scorched earth strategy.^[9]

December

See main article: December 1900.

• December 19 – Hopetoun Blunder: The first Governor-General of Australia John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, appoints Sir William Lyne premier of the new state of New South Wales, but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government, and is forced to resign.
• December 27 – British human rights activist Emily Hobhouse arrives in Cape Town, South Africa.

Births

January

• January 1
  • Xavier Cugat, Spanish-born Cuban bandleader (d. 1990)^[10]
  • Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat and humanitarian (d. 1986)^[11]
• January 2 – William Haines, American actor (d. 1973)
• January 3 – Maurice Jaubert, French composer and soldier (d. 1940)
• January 4 – James Bond, American ornithologist (d. 1989)
• January 5 – Yves Tanguy, French painter (d. 1955)
• January 6 – Queen Maria of Yugoslavia (d. 1961)^[12]
• January 8
  • Dorothy Adams, American character actress (d. 1988)
  • Solon Earl Low, Canadian social credit politician (d. 1962)
• January 16 – Edith Frank, German-Dutch mother of Anne Frank (d. 1945)^[13]
• January 18 – Wan Laiming, Chinese animator (d. 1997)
• January 20 – Colin Clive, British actor (d. 1937)
• January 24 – Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ukrainian geneticist, evolutionary biologist (d. 1975)
• January 26 – Karl Ristenpart, German conductor (d. 1967)
• January 27 – Hyman G. Rickover, American admiral (d. 1986)
• January 30 – Martita Hunt, Argentine-born British actress (d. 1969)^[14]
• January 31 – Betty Parsons, American artist, art dealer and collector (d. 1982)^[15]

February

• February 4 – Jacques Prévert, French lyricist and author (d. 1977)
• February 5 – Adlai Stevenson II, American politician (d. 1965)
  • • February 11 Ellen Broe, Danish nurse, pioneer in nursing education (d. 1994)^[16]
  • Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher (d. 2002)
  • Jōsei Toda, Japanese educator and activist (d. 1958)
• February 12
  • Vasily Chuikov, Soviet general, Marshal of the Soviet Union during WWII (d. 1982)
  • Roger J. Traynor, American judge (d. 1983)
• February 21 – Jeanne Aubert, French singer and actress (d. 1988)^[17]
• February 22 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish film director (d. 1983)
• February 24 – Irmgard Bartenieff, German-American dancer, physical therapist and pioneer of dance therapy (d. 1981)
• February 26 – Halina Konopacka, Polish discus thrower, Olympic champion (1928) (d. 1989)^[18]

March

• • • March 3 Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, Indian independence activist (d. 1966)^[19]
  • Edna Best, British actress (d. 1974)^[20]
• March 4 – Herbert Biberman, American screenwriter, film director (d. 1971)
  • • March 7 Fritz London, German physicist (d. 1954)
  • Carel Willink, Dutch painter (d. 1983)^[21]
• March 8 – Howard H. Aiken, American computing pioneer (d. 1973)
• March 12 – Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, 19th President of Colombia (d. 1975)
  • • March 13 Queen Sālote Tupou III of Tonga, (d. 1965)^[22]
  • Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1971)
• March 19 – Frédéric Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1958)^[23]
• March 23 – Erich Fromm, German-born psychologist and philosopher (d. 1980)^[24]
• March 29
  • Sir John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980)^[25]
  • Oscar Elton Sette, American fisheries scientist (d. 1972)
• March 31 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1974)

April

• April 1 – Stefanie Clausen, Danish Olympic diver (d. 1981)^[26]
• April 3 – Camille Chamoun, 7th president of Lebanon (d. 1987)
• April 5 – Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967)
• April 8 – Marie Byles, Australian solicitor (d. 1979)^[27]
• April 11 – Sándor Márai, Hungarian writer and journalist (d. 1989)
• April 16 – Polly Adler, Russian-born American author, madam (d. 1962)^[28]
• April 18 – Bertha Isaacs, Bahamian teacher, tennis player, politician and women's rights activist (d. 1997)^[29]
• April 21 – Hans Fritzsche, German Nazi official (d. 1953)
• April 24 – Elizabeth Goudge, English writer (d. 1984)^[30]
• April 25 – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
• April 26 – Charles Richter, American seismologist and physicist (d. 1985)^[31]
• April 28 – Maurice Thorez, French Communist leader (d. 1964)
• April 30 – David Manners, Canadian-American actor (d. 1998)

May

• May 1 – Ignazio Silone, Italian author (d. 1978)
• May 2 – A. W. Lawrence, British archaeologist (d. 1991)
• May 6 – Zheng Ji, Chinese nutritionist, biochemist (d. 2010)
• May 10
  • Beryl May Dent, English mathematical physicist (d. 1977)^[32]
  • Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, British-American astronomer, astrophysicist (d. 1979)^[33]
• May 11 – Thomas H. Robbins Jr., American admiral (d. 1972)
• May 13 – Karl Wolff, German SS functionary and war criminal (d. 1984)
• May 14 – Cai Chang, Chinese politician, women's rights activist (d. 1990)^[34]
• May 15 – Ida Rhodes, American mathematician, pioneer in computer programming (d. 1986)^[35]
• May 23 – Hans Frank, German Nazi official (executed 1946)
• May 28 – Tommy Ladnier, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1939)
• May 29 – David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir, British politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1967)
• May 31 – Lucile Godbold, American Olympic athlete (d. 1981)^[36]

June

• June 5 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-born British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
• June 7 – Frederick Terman, American electrical engineer, professor (d. 1982)
• June 11 – Leopoldo Marechal, Argentine writer (d. 1970)
  • • June 17 Martin Bormann, German Nazi official (d. 1945)
  • Evelyn Irons, Scottish journalist, war correspondent (d. 2000)^[37]
• June 21 – Choi Yong-kun, North Korean general, defense minister (d. 1976)
  • • June 22 Russell Vis, American wrestler (d. 1990)
  • Henriette Alimen, French paleontologist, geologist (d. 1996)^[38]
• June 23 – Blanche Noyes, American aviator, winner of the 1936 Bendix Trophy Race (d. 1981)^[39]
• June 24
  • Juan Carlos Caballero Vega, Mexican revolutionary (d. 2010)
  • Raphael Lemkin, Polish-born international lawyer (d. 1959)
  • Bernard D. H. Tellegen, Dutch electrical engineer (d. 1990)
• June 25
  • Marta Abba, Italian actress (d. 1988)^[40]
  • Zinaida Aksentyeva, Ukrainian/Soviet astronomer (d. 1969)
  • Georgia Hale, American silent film actress, real estate investor (d. 1985)^[41]
  • Philip D'Arcy Hart, British medical researcher, pioneer in tuberculosis treatment (d. 2006)
  • Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, born Prince Louis of Battenberg, English naval officer and last Viceroy of India (assassinated) (d. 1979)
• June 26
  • John Benham, British long-distance runner (d. 1990)
  • Jo Spier, Dutch artist and illustrator (d. 1978)

July

• • • July 2 Joe Bennett, American baseball player (d. 1987)
  • Sophie Harris, English costume, scenic designer for theatre and opera (d. 1966)
    • July 3 Alessandro Blasetti, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1987)
  • Gordon MacQuarrie, American author and journalist (d. 1956)
    • July 4 Belinda Dann, indigenous Australian who was one of the Stolen Generation, reunited with family aged 107 (d. 2007)^{[42] [43]}
  • Robert Desnos, French poet (d. 1945)
  • Nellie Mae Rowe, African-American folk artist (d. 1982)^[44]
• July 5 – Richard K. Webel, American landscape architect (d. 2000)
  • • July 6 Frederica Sagor Maas, American playwright, essayist, and author (d. 2012)^[45]
  • Paul Métivier, Canadian World War I veteran (d. 2004)
  • Elfriede Wever, German Olympic runner (d. 1941)
    • July 7 Maria Bard, German stage, silent film actress (d. 1944)
  • Frank W. Cyr, American educator, author (d. 1995)
  • Earle E. Partridge, American general (d. 1990)
• July 9 – Joseph LaShelle, American cinematographer (d. 1989)
• July 10 – Evelyn Laye, English actress (d. 1996)^[46]
• July 11 – Lily Eberwein, Sarawakian nationalist, women's rights activist (d. 1980)^[47]
  • • July 13 Cornelius Keefe, American actor (d. 1972)
  • George Lewis, American jazz clarinetist (d. 1968)
• July 15 – Enrique Cadícamo, Argentine tango lyricist, poet and novelist (d. 1999)
• July 16 – Mumon Yamada, Japanese Rinzai religious leader (d. 1988)
• July 20 – Hunter Lane, American baseball player (d. 1994)
• July 21 – Isadora Bennett, American theatre manager, modern dance publicity agent (d. 1980)
  • • July 23 Julia Davis Adams, American author, journalist (d. 1993)^[48]
  • John Babcock, last surviving Canadian World War I veteran (d. 2010)
  • Inger Margrethe Boberg, Danish folklore researcher, writer (d. 1957)^[49]
  • Prince Kaya Tsunenori (d. 1978)
• July 26 – Sarah Kafrit, Israeli politician, teacher (d. 1983)^[50]
• July 28 – Lady Dorothy Macmillan, spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1966)
  • • July 29 Mary V. Austin, Australian community worker, political activist (d. 1986)^[51]
  • Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
  • Teresa Noce, Italian labor leader, activist, and journalist (d. 1980)^[52]

August

• August 3 – Ernie Pyle, American journalist (d. 1945)
  • • August 4 Arturo Umberto Illia, 34th President of Argentina (d. 1983)
  • Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, queen consort of George VI (d. 2002)^[53]
  • Nabi Tajima, Japanese supercentenarian, last surviving person born in the 19th century^[54] (d. 2018)
• August 6
  • Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist, businessman (d. 2003)
  • Grigori Shtern, Soviet general (d. 1941)
• August 8 – Alexis Minotis, Greek actor, stage director (d. 1990)
• August 9 – Charles Farrell, American actor (d. 1990)
• August 10 – Arthur Espie Porritt, New Zealand politician, athlete (d. 1994)
• August 11 – Alexander Mosolov, Russian composer (d. 1973)
• August 14
  • Margret Boveri, German journalist, recipient of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (d. 1975)^[55]
  • Benita von Falkenhayn, German baroness, spy for the Second Polish Republic pre-WWII (d. 1935)
• August 15 – Estelle Brody, American silent film actress (d. 1995)^[56]
• August 16 – Ida Browne, Australian geologist, palaeontologist (d. 1976)^[57]
• August 17
  • Mary Paik Lee, Korean-American writer (d. 1995)^[58]
  • Vivienne de Watteville, British travel writer and adventurer (d. 1957)^[59]
• August 18
  • Glenn Albert Black, American archaeologist (d. 1964)
  • Ruth Norman, American religious leader (d. 1993)^[60]
• August 19
  • Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988)^[61]
  • Gilbert Ryle, British philosopher (d. 1976)
  • Dorothy Burr Thompson, American archaeologist, art historian (d. 2001)^[62]
• August 22
  • Lisy Fischer, Swiss-born pianist, child prodigy (d. 1999)^[63]
  • Sergey Ozhegov, Russian lexicographer (d. 1964)
    • August 23 Frances Adaskin, Canadian pianist (d. 2001)^[64]
  • Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (d. 1991)
    • August 25 Isobel Hogg Kerr Beattie, Scottish architect (d. 1970)^[65]
  • Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician, biochemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1981)
    • August 26 Margaret Utinsky, American nurse, recipient of the Medal of Freedom (d. 1970)^[66]
  • Hellmuth Walter, German engineer, inventor (d. 1980)

September

• September 3 – Urho Kekkonen, 8th President of Finland (d. 1986)
• September 5 – Grace Eldering, American public health scientist, co-developed vaccine for whooping cough (d. 1988)^[67]
• September 6 – W. A. C. Bennett, Canadian politician (d. 1979)
• September 8 – Tilly Devine, English-Australian organised crime boss (d. 1970)^[68]
• September 12 – Martha Atwell, American radio director (d. 1949)^{[69] [70]}
  • • September 17 J. Willard Marriott, American entrepreneur and founder of Marriott International (d. 1985)
  • Lena Frances Edwards, African-American physician, awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom (d. 1986)^[71]
  • Martha Ostenso, Canadian screenwriter, novelist (d. 1963)^[72]
  • Hedwig Ross, New Zealand-born educator, political activist and founding member of the Communist Party of New Zealand (d. 1971)^[73]
• September 18
  • Thomas Darden, American rear admiral, 37th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1961)
  • Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, 1st prime minister of Mauritius (d. 1985)
• September 20 – Uuno Klami, Finnish composer (d. 1961)
• September 22 – Paul Hugh Emmett, American chemical engineer (d. 1985)
• September 23 – Louise Nevelson, Ukrainian-born American sculptor (d. 1988)
• September 26 – Suzanne Belperron, French jewellery designer (d. 1983)^[74]
• September 27 – Miguel Alemán Valdés, 46th President of Mexico, 1946-1952 (d. 1983)^[75]

October

• October 1 – Tom Goddard, English cricketer (d. 1966)
• October 2
  • Olive Ann Alcorn, American dancer, model, and silent film actress (d. 1975)^[76]
  • Rod Keller, Canadian general (d. 1954)^[77]
• October 5
  • Bing Xin, Chinese author, poet, known for her contributions to children's literature (d. 1999)^[78]
  • Margherita Bontade, Italian politician (d. 1992)^[79]
    • October 6 Vivion Brewer, American activist, desegregationist (d. 1991)^[80]
  • Stan Nichols, English cricketer (d. 1961)
• October 7 – Heinrich Himmler, German Nazi official, SS head (d. 1945)
• October 10 – Helen Hayes, American actress (d. 1993)^[81]
• October 16 – Edward Ardizzone, English painter, printmaker and author (d. 1979)
• October 17 – Jean Arthur, American actress (d. 1991)^[82]
  • • October 18 Sarah Bavly, Dutch-Israeli nutritionist, author and educator (d. 1993)^[83]
  • Evelyn Berckman, American author, known for her detective and Gothic horror novels (d. 1978)^{[84] [85]}
    • October 19 Erna Berger, German coloratura lyric soprano (d. 1990)
  • Bill Ponsford, Australian cricketer (d. 1991)
• October 20 – Ismail al-Azhari, 2nd Prime Minister of Sudan, 3rd President of Sudan (d. 1969)
• October 21
  • Andrée Boisson, French Olympic fencer (d. 1973)
  • Princess Mother Srinagarindra of Thailand (d. 1995)
    • October 26 Ibrahim Abboud, 4th prime minister, 1st president of Sudan (d. 1983)
  • Karin Boye, Swedish poet, novelist, known for her dystopian sci-fi novel Kallocain (d. 1941)^[86]
• October 30 – Agustín Lara, Mexican composer and interpreter of songs and boleros (d. 1970)
• October 31 – Asbjørg Borgfelt, Norwegian sculptor (d. 1976)

November

• November 4 – Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, Romanian communist activist, sociologist (d. 1954)
• November 5
  • Martin Dies Jr., American politician (d. 1972)
  • Natalie Schafer, American actress (d. 1991)
  • Ethelwynn Trewavas, British ichthyologist, over a dozen fish species named in her honor (d. 1993)^[87]
    • November 6 Ida Lou Anderson, American orator, professor and radio broadcasting pioneer (d. 1941)^[88]
  • Hugh Prosser, American actor (d. 1952)
• November 8 – Margaret Mitchell, American writer (Gone With The Wind) (d. 1949)^[89]
• November 11
  • Maria Babanova, Russian stage, film actress (d. 1983)
  • Frederick Lawton, 9th Director of the Office of Management and Budget (d. 1975)
• November 13 – David Marshall Williams, American inventor (d. 1975)
• November 14 – Aaron Copland, American composer (d. 1990)
• November 16
  • Eliška Junková, Czechoslovakian automobile racer (d. 1994)^[90]
  • Nikolai Pogodin, Soviet playwright (d. 1962)
• November 19 – Anna Seghers, German writer (d. 1983)^[91]
  • • November 20 Florieda Batson, American hurdler, captain of the United States team at the 1922 Women's Olympics (d. 1996)
  • Helen Bradley, English painter (d. 1979)^[92]
• November 21 – Bettina Warburg, German-American psychiatrist, professor (d. 1990)
• November 22 – Tom Macdonald, Welsh journalist, novelist (d. 1980)
• November 25 – Rudolf Höß, German Nazi official (d. 1947)
• November 26 – Anna Maurizio, Swiss biologist, known for her study of bees (d. 1993)^[93]
• November 27 – Jovette Bernier, Canadian journalist, author, and radio show host (d. 1981)^[94]
• November 28 – Mary Bothwell, Canadian classical vocalist, painter (d. 1985)^[95]
• November 29
  • Mildred Gillars, American broadcaster (Axis Sally), employed by Nazi Germany to disseminate propaganda during WWII (d. 1988)^[96]
  • Håkan Malmrot, Swedish swimmer (d. 1987)
• November 30 – Luigi Stipa, Italian aeronautical, hydraulic, and civil engineer and aircraft designer (d. 1992)

December

• December 2
  • Elisa Godínez Gómez de Batista, First Lady of Cuba (1940-1944) (d. 1993)
  • Herta Hammerbacher, German landscape architect, professor (d. 1985)^[97]
• December 3
  • Karna Maria Birmingham, Australian artist, illustrator and print maker (d. 1987)^[98]
  • Ulrich Inderbinen, Swiss mountain guide (d. 2004)
  • Richard Kuhn, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)^[99]
• December 6 – Agnes Moorehead, American actress, best known for her role in Bewitched (d. 1974)^[100]
• December 7
  • Kateryna Vasylivna Bilokur, Ukrainian folk artist (d. 1961)^[101]
  • Christian Matras, Faroese linguist, poet (d. 1988)
• December 10 – Dominic Costa, Australian politician (d. 1976)
• December 11 – Hermína Týrlová, Czechoslovakian animator, screenwriter, and film director (d. 1993)^[102]
• December 12 – Sammy Davis Sr., American dancer (d. 1988)
• December 16 – Rudolf Diels, German Nazi civil servant, Gestapo chief (d. 1957)
• December 17
  • Mary Cartwright, British mathematician, one of the first people to analyze a dynamical system with chaos (d. 1998)^[103]
  • Katina Paxinou, Greek actress (d. 1973)^[104]
• December 19 – Margaret Brundage, American illustrator, known for illustrating the pulp magazine Weird Tales (d. 1976)^[105]
  • • December 20 Lissy Arna, German film actress (d. 1964)
  • Marinus van der Goes van Naters, Dutch politician (d. 2005)
• December 22
  • Alan Bush, British composer, pianist and conductor (d. 1995)
  • Ofelia Uribe de Acosta, Colombian author, editor, and suffragist (d. 1988)^[106]
    • December 23 Merle Barwis, American-Canadian supercentenarian (d. 2014)
  • Marie Bell, French actress, stage director (d. 1985)
  • José de León Toral, assassin of Mexican President Álvaro Obregón (d. 1929)
    • December 24 Joey Smallwood, first Premier of Newfoundland & Labrador (d. 1991)
  • Hussein Al Oweini, 18th prime minister of Lebanon (d. 1971)
  • Hawayo Takata, Japanese-American teacher, master practitioner of Reiki (d. 1980)
• December 25 – Antoni Zygmund, Polish mathematician (d. 1992)
• December 26 – Evelyn Bark, leading member of the British Red Cross, first female recipient of the CMG (d. 1993)^[107]

Date unknown

• Robina Addis, early British professional psychiatric social worker (d. 1986)^[108]
• Margaret Altmann, German-American biologist, specialist in animal husbandry and psychobiology (d. 1984)^[109]
• Juanita Ángeles, Filipina silent film actress (d. unknown)
• Hattie Moseley Austin, African-American entrepreneur, restaurateur (d. 1998)^[110]
• Louella Ballerino, American fashion designer, known for her work in sportswear (d. 1978)^[111]
• Natalya Bilikhodze, Russian Romanov impostor falsely claiming to be Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 2000)^[112]
• Ruth Bonner, Soviet Communist activist, sentenced to labor camp during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge (d. 1987)^{[113] [114]}
• Anna Borkowska (Sister Bertranda), Polish nun, prioress who hid 17 Jews in her monastery during WWII (d. 1988)
• Grace Hartman, Canadian social activist, politician, and first female mayor of Sudbury, Ontario (d. 1998)^[115]
• Rubén Jaramillo, Mexican peasant leader (d. 1962)^[116]
• Daudo Okelo, Ugandan Roman Catholic martyr and saint (b. ; d. 1918)
• Bella Reay, English footballer (d. unknown)
• Virginia Frances Sterrett, American artist, illustrator (d. 1931)^[117]
• Yung Fung-shee, Hong Kong philanthropist (d. 1972)

Deaths

January–June

• January 5 – William A. Hammond, American military physician, neurologist, and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (b. 1828)
• January 11 – James Martineau, English religious philosopher (b. 1805)^[118]
• January 16 – S. M. I. Henry, American evangelist (b. 1839)
• January 20 – John Ruskin, English writer, artist, and social critic (b. 1819)
• February 18 – Clinton L. Merriam, American politician (b. 1824)
• February 23 – William Butterfield, British architect (b. 1814)
• March 6
  • Carl Bechstein, German piano maker (b. 1826)^[119]
  • Gottlieb Daimler, German inventor, automotive pioneer (b. 1834)
• March 7 – Rachel Lloyd, American chemist (b. 1839)
• March 10 – Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann, Danish composer (b. 1805)
• March 18 – Hjalmar Kiærskou, Danish botanist (b. 1835)
• March 28 – Piet Joubert, Boer politician, military commander (b. 1834)
• March 29 – Cyrus K. Holliday, cofounder of Topeka, Kansas, 1st president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (b. 1826)
• April 2 – Gustaf Åkerhielm, 6th prime minister of Sweden (b. 1833)
• April 5
  • Joseph Bertrand, French mathematician (b. 1822)
  • Maria Louise Eve, American author (b. 1848)
  • Osman Nuri Pasha, Ottoman military leader (b. 1832)
• April 7 – Frederic Edwin Church, American landscape painter (b. 1826)
• April 12 – James Richard Cocke, American physician, homeopath, and pioneer hypnotherapist (b. 1863)
• April 17 – George Curry, Wild West robber (Wild Bunch) (shot) (b. 1871)
• April 19 – James Dawson, Australian activist (b. 1806)
• April 21 – Vikramatji Khimojiraj, Indian ruler (b. 1819)
• April 22 – Amédée-François Lamy, French soldier (b. 1858) (killed in battle)
• April 24 – George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, British politician (b. 1823)
• April 30 – Casey Jones, American railway engineer (b. 1864)
• May 1 – Mihály Munkácsy, Hungarian painter (b. 1844)
• May 2 – Seweryn Morawski, Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1819)
• May 9 – Carit Etlar (Carl Brosbøll), Danish author (b. 1816)
• May 18 – Félix Ravaisson-Mollien, French philosopher (b. 1813)
• May 28 – Sir George Grove, English music writer (b. 1820)
• June 2 – Samori Ture, West African empire-builder (b. 1830)
• June 3 – Mary Kingsley, English explorer, writer (b. 1862)^[120]
• June 5 – Stephen Crane, American author (b. 1871)
• June 11 – Belle Boyd, American Confederate spy, actress (b. 1843)
• June 19 – Princess Josephine of Baden (b. 1813)

July–December

• July 5 – Henry Barnard, American educationalist (b. 1811)
• July 8 – Henry D. Cogswell, American philanthropist (b. 1820)
• July 9 – Gregorio Grassi, Italian Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic martyr and saint (b. 1833)
• July 26 – Nicolae Crețulescu, 2-time prime minister of Romania (b. 1812)
• July 29 – King Umberto I of Italy (assassinated) (b. 1844)
• July 30 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, second son of Queen Victoria (b. 1844)^[121]
• August 1 – Rafael Molina Sanchez, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1841)
• August 4 – Étienne Lenoir, Belgian engineer (b. 1822)
• August 7 – Wilhelm Liebknecht, German Social Democratic politician (b. 1826)^[122]
  • • August 8 Emil Škoda, Czech engineer and industrialist (b. 1839)
  • József Szlávy, 6th prime minister of Hungary (b. 1818)
• August 10 – Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1832)
• August 12 – Wilhelm Steinitz, Austrian-born chess player, first undisputed World Champion (b. 1836)
• August 13 – Vladimir Solovyov, Russian philosopher and poet (b. 1853)
• August 16 – José Maria de Eça de Queirós, Portuguese writer (b. 1845)
• August 23 – Kuroda Kiyotaka, Japanese politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1840)
• August 25 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher, writer (b. 1844)
• September 23
  • William Marsh Rice, American philanthropist, university founder (b. 1816)
  • Arsenio Martínez-Campos, Spanish general, revolutionary, and Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1831)
• September 29 – Samuel Fenton Cary, American politician (b. 1814)
• October 15 – Zdeněk Fibich, Czech composer (b. 1850)
• October 19 – Sir Roderick Cameron, Canadian shipping magnate (b. 1825)
• October 22 – John Sherman, American politician (b.1823)
• October 28 – Max Müller, German philologist, Orientalist (b. 1823)
• November 22 – Sir Arthur Sullivan, English composer (b. 1842)
• November 26 – Méry Laurent, French artist's muse, model (b. 1849)
• November 30 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (b. 1854)^[123]
• December 4 – Aquileo Parra, 11th President of Colombia (b. 1825)
• December 14 – Paddy Ryan, Irish-American boxer, former world's heavyweight champion (b. 1851)
• December 21 – Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal, Prussian field marshal (b. 1810)

World population

See main article: List of countries by population in 1900.

• World population: 1,640,000,000
  • Africa: 133,000,000
  • Asia: 947,000,000
    • Japan: c. 45,000,000
  • Europe: 408,000,000
  • Latin America: 74,000,000
  • Northern America: 82,000,000
  • Oceania: 6,000,000

Further reading

• Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events...1900 (1901), vast compendium of data; global coverage online edition
• Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century 1900-1933, Vol. 1 (1997) pp 7–35; global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare.
• Herbert C. Fyfe, Pearson's Magazine, July 1900: "How Will The World End?"

Notes and References

1. Book: Mill, Hugh Robert. Hugh Robert Mill. The Siege of the South Pole. Alston Rivers. London. 1905 . 402.
2. Landsteiner, Karl (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe"
3. Book: The Canadian Surveyor. Canadian Institute of Surveying and Mapping. 1970 . 150.
4. Book: Minnerop . Petra . Wolfrum . Rüdiger . Lachenmann . Frauke . International Development Law: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law . 2019 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-883509-7 . 784 . en.
5. Book: Hristov, Hristo. 1962. Селските вълнения и бунтове 1899–1900. Peasant Disturbances and Rebellions 1899–1900. epub. bg. Izdatelstvo na Natsionalnia Savet na Otechestvenia Front. chitanka.info.
6. "What's Observed in a Rating? Rankings as Orientation in the Face of Uncertainty", by Elena Esposito and David Stark, in The Performance Complex: Competition and Competitions in Social Life, ed. by David Stark (Oxford University Press, 2020) p.124
7. https://www.onthisday.com/date/1900/august/1 "On this Day: Historic Publication"
8. Book: Gamow, Max. Thirty Years that Shook Physics. Dover Publications. 978-0486248950. 1985.
9. Book: Pakenham, Thomas. The Boer War. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 1979. 978-0868500461.
10. Book: Roberts, John . The Latin tinge : the impact of Latin American music on the United States . Oxford University Press . New York . 1999 . 9780195121018 . 59.
11. News: Sempo "Chiune" Sugihara, Japanese Savior. The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. 2017-10-23. en-US. April 21, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130421045129/http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/saviors/others/sempo-quot-chiune-quot-914/. dead.
12. News: HM Queen Maria of Yugoslavia. Royal Family of Serbia. 2017-10-17. en-US. April 13, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140413202412/http://www.royalfamily.org/dynasty/hm-queen-maria-of-yugoslavia/. live.
13. Web site: Edith Frank. https://web.archive.org/web/20100706062831/http://www.annefrank.org/en/Anne-Franks-History/All-people/Edith-Frank/. dead. 2010-07-06. 2010-07-06. 2017-10-18.
14. Web site: Martita Hunt. oxforddnb.com. 2017-10-19. December 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220125843/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/67/101067806/. live.
15. Web site: American National Biography Online: Parsons, Betty. anb.org. 2017-10-18. March 22, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322025247/http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-01999.html. live.
16. Web site: Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon - Ellen Broe. https://web.archive.org/web/20070708132625/http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/313/origin/170/. dead. 2007-07-08. 2007-07-08. 2017-10-19.
17. Web site: Biographie de Jeanne Aubert (1900-1988). histoire-vesinet.org. 2017-10-20. October 21, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171021061414/http://www.histoire-vesinet.org/j-aubertbio.htm. live.
18. Web site: Biografie • Polski Komitet Olimpijski. Olimpijski. Polski Komitet. olimpijski.pl. pl. 2017-10-18. October 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181014212253/http://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/bio/1020,konopacka-matuszewska-szczerbinska-halina-wlasciwie-leonarda-kazimiera.html. dead.
19. Web site: Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi. mpositive.in. August 30, 2020. January 28, 2022. January 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220123142325/https://www.mpositive.in/tag/dr-maghfoor-ahmed-ajazi-bihar/. live.
20. Web site: Edna Best - Hollywood Star Walk - Los Angeles Times. projects.latimes.com. en. 2017-10-23. October 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063243/http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/edna-best/. live.
21. https://artway.eu/content.php?id=3366&lang=en&action=show Willink, Carel
22. Book: Wood-Ellem, Elizabeth. Elizabeth Wood-Ellem. Queen Sālote of Tonga: The Story of an Era 1900–1965. 1999. Auckland University Press. Auckland, N.Z. 978-0-8248-2529-4. 262293605. 1.
23. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 . NobelPrize.org . 2 January 2022 . October 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022045213/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-fred/facts/ . live .
24. Web site: Fromm: otro volcán en Cuernavaca. En el Volcan. October 1, 2013. June 1, 2019. es. Fromm: Another volcano in Cuernavaca. May 31, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165844/http://www.enelvolcan.com/oct2013/294-fromm-otro-volcan-en-cuernavaca. live.
25. C.J. Lloyd, 'McEwen, Sir John (1900–1980) ', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 15, Melbourne University Press, 2000, pp 205–208
26. Web site: Stefanie Fryland Clausen. stefanie-fryland-clausen.com. en-US. 2017-10-19. April 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190401112722/http://www.stefanie-fryland-clausen.com/. live.
27. Web site: Biography - Marie Beuzeville Byles - Australian Dictionary of Biography. https://web.archive.org/web/20150411235131/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/byles-marie-beuzeville-9652. dead. 2015-04-11. 2015-04-11. 2017-10-22.
28. Book: Notable American women : the modern period : a biographical dictionary . 1980 . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . 9780674627338 . Sicherman . Barbara . Cambridge, Mass. . 7 . 6487187 . Green . Carol Hurd.
29. Web site: Albertha Isaacs « Women Suffrage Bahamas. https://web.archive.org/web/20121128230606/http://www.womensuffragebahamas.com/history/suffrage-women/albertha-isaacs/. dead. 2012-11-28. 2012-11-28. 2017-10-19.
30. News: ELIZABETH GOUDGE. 1984-04-27. The New York Times. 2017-10-20. en-US. 0362-4331. January 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180130034152/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/27/obituaries/elizabeth-goudge.html. live.
31. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-F-Richter Charles F. Richter American physicist
32. Book: . 2003. Beryl Dent at the University of Bristol Department of Physics. University of Bristol Physics Library. DM1961/2. Document. Bristol. en. May 11, 2021. October 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211020133627/https://archives.bristol.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DM1961/2&pos=1. live.
33. Book: The biographical encyclopedia of astronomers . 2007. Springer . Thomas Hockey . Virginia Trimble . Thomas R. Williams . Katherine Bracher . Richard A. Jarrell . Jordan D. Marché . JoAnn Palmeri . Daniel W. E. Green. 9780387304007. New York, NY. 876. 184930573.
34. Book: Rappaport, Helen. Encyclopedia of women social reformers. limited. 2001. ABC-CLIO. 1576075818. Santa Barbara, Calif.. 125–126. 52710512.
35. Book: Notable women in mathematics : a biographical dictionary. 1998. Greenwood Press . Morrow, Charlene . Perl, Teri. 9780313291319. Westport, Conn.. 36768082.
36. Encyclopedia: Godbold, Lucile Ellerbe - South Carolina Encyclopedia. South Carolina Encyclopedia. 2017-10-19. en-US. October 20, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171020035121/http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/godbold-lucile-ellerbe/. live.
37. News: Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99. Lewis. Paul. 2000-04-30. The New York Times. 2017-10-18. en-US. 0362-4331. July 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731204124/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html. live.
38. Chavaillon. Jean. Henriette Alimen (1900-1996). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française. fr-FR. 93. 4. 450–453. 1996. October 20, 2017. June 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190614103205/https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1996_num_93_4_10592. live.
39. Web site: From the Archives Early Earhart Rival Leaves Legacy of Safety. atca.org. en. 2017-10-20. October 21, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111729/https://www.atca.org/from-the-archives-early-earhart-rival-leaves-legacy-of-safety. dead.
40. Book: Pirandello, Luigi. Pirandello's Love Letters to Marta Abba. 2017-03-14. Princeton University Press. 9781400887286. en.
41. Book: Hale, Georgia. Charlie Chaplin: intimate close-ups. 1999. Scarecrow. Kiernan, Heather.. 978-1578860043. Lanham, Md.. x. 43929623.
42. Web site: Town of Port Hedland - BELINDA DANN TURNS 107. https://web.archive.org/web/20071029005808/https://www.porthedland.wa.gov.au/council/media_releases/mediareleasebelinadannturns107130907. dead. 2007-10-29. 2007-10-29. 2017-10-20.
43. Web site: Stolen generation survivor dies - National - smh.com.au. smh.com.au. en. 2017-10-20. 2007-10-26. October 21, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171021070346/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/stolen-generation-survivor-dies/2007/10/25/1192941248988.html. live.
44. Web site: Nellie Mae Rowe (1900-1982). New Georgia Encyclopedia. 2017-10-20. October 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171012231435/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/nellie-mae-rowe-1900-1982. live.
45. Web site: Frederica Sagor Maas – Women Film Pioneers Project. wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu. 2017-10-23. December 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181221111335/https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-frederica-sagor-maas/. dead.
46. Encyclopedia: Evelyn Laye British actress. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2017-10-22. en. November 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201103170449/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Evelyn-Laye. live.
47. Book: Jehom, Welyne. Lily Eberwein: Her life and involvement in the anti-cession movement in Sarawak. Women in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements. January 2013. 10.2307/j.ctv1qv1g3.12. en. free. December 28, 2017. November 24, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231124002513/https://www.academia.edu/4533286. live.
48. News: Julia Davis Adams is One of Clarksburg's Most Published and Celebrated Authors. Connect Clarksburg. 2017-10-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023010448/http://www.connect-clarksburg.com/connect.cfm?func=view&section=News&item=Julia-Davis-Adams-is-One-of-Clarksburgs-Most-Published-and-Celebrated-Authors-12086. October 23, 2017. dead.
49. Web site: Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon - Inger Boberg. 2003-05-15. kvinfo.dk. 2017-10-22. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050237/http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/170/origin/170/. live.
50. Web site: Knesset Member, Sarah Kafrit. knesset.gov.il. 2017-10-22. October 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011057/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=460. live.
51. Web site: Austin, Mary Valentine Hall - Woman - The Australian Women's Register. Melbourne. National Foundation for Australian Women and The University of. womenaustralia.info. en-gb. 2017-10-20. October 21, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111452/http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/IMP0008b.htm. live.
52. Encyclopedia: 2002-01-01. Noce, Teresa (1900–1980). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. https://web.archive.org/web/20160220190538/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591307063.html. dead. 2016-02-20.
53. Encyclopedia: Elizabeth queen consort of United Kingdom. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2017-10-22. en. October 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171022195611/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-queen-consort-of-United-Kingdom. live.
54. News: Misao Okawa, The World's Oldest Woman, And 39 Other Female Supercentenarians. 2014-06-09. International Business Times. 2017-10-22. July 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150708192119/http://www.ibtimes.com/misao-okawa-worlds-oldest-woman-39-other-female-supercentenarians-1596262. live.
55. Book: Castonier, Elisabeth. Exil im Nebelland: Elisabeth Castoniers Briefe an Mary Tucholsky : eine Chronik. 2010. Peter Lang. 9783039100378. de.
56. News: OBITUARY:Estelle Brody. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaryestelle-brody-1585164.html . May 1, 2022 . subscription . live. 1995-06-06. The Independent. 2017-10-22. en-GB.
57. Web site: Biography - Ida Alison Browne - Australian Dictionary of Biography. https://web.archive.org/web/20170216021835/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/browne-ida-alison-10004. dead. 2017-02-16. 2017-02-16. 2017-10-22.
58. Book: Mary Paik Lee. Quiet Odyssey: A Pioneer Korean Woman in America. registration. 1990. University of Washington Press. 978-0-295-96969-5.
59. Web site: Materialien zum Lukas Hartmanns Roman "Die Tochter des Jägers". Hartmann. Lukas. Lukas Hartmann. de. October 23, 2017. March 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201811/http://www.lukashartmann.ch/pdf/1.7.a.Erw.Tochter%20Materialien.pdf. live.
60. Book: Tumminia, Diana G.. When prophecy never fails : myth and reality in a flying-saucer group. 2005. Oxford University Press. 9780195176759. Oxford. Appendix 1. 56481658.
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63. Certified Archival Documents with birth and marriage dates (Charlottenberg, Berlin), birth certificate of daughter (Amsterdam) and death certificate for Lisy Fischer (UK)
64. Web site: Frances Marr Adaskin. King. Betty N.. July 8, 2007. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064437/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/frances-marr-adaskin-emc/. March 4, 2016. October 23, 2017.
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66. Web site: Margaret Utinsky Biography. philippine-defenders.lib.wv.us. 2017-10-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20171029081142/http://philippine-defenders.lib.wv.us/html/utinsky_margaret_bio.html. October 29, 2017. dead.
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