1517 Explained

Year 1517 (MDXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

January - March

• January 22  - Battle of Ridaniya: The Holy Ottoman army of the sultan Selim I defeats the Mamluk army in Egypt, commanded by the king Tuman Bay II.^[1]
• January 30  - Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire after a three day battle,^[2] and the Mamluk Sultanate falls.^[3] The Abbasid Caliphate, reestablished in 1261, falls to the Ottomans and the last Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil III, is deported along with his family to Constantinople.^[4]
• February 3  - The Ottoman Sultan Selim I makes a triumphant entry into Cairo after his Janissaries have cleared the area of the Mamluk defenders.
• February 8  - Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a chronicler who documents the conquest of Mexico, sets out with the Hernández de Córdoba expedition from Jaruco.^[5] They arrive at Cape Catoche twenty-one days later, and are met with hostility by the natives. Henry's 25-year-old sister Anne of Navarre serves as the regent until 1518, when Henry reaches the age of majority.
• February 12  - At the age of 13, Henry II becomes the King of Navarre, by then limited to the part of the Iberian peninsula north of the Pyrennes, upon the death of his mother, Queen Catherine in the capital, Pamplona.
• March 4  - The first intentional landing by Europeans on the coast of Mexico takes place as the Cordoba Expedition arrives at Cabo Catoche on the Yucatán Peninsula, now in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. The Spaniards are attacked by the Mayans after being invited to visit, and a battle breaks out with 13 Spaniards ambushed and 15 Mayans killed.^[6]
• March 16  - The Fifth Council of the Lateran ends after almost five years of conferences on discussing reforms within the Roman Catholic Church.^[7]
• March 26  - More than two months after fleeing Cairo and attempting a counterattack against the Ottomans, Tuman Bay II is captured alive with many of his Mamluk officers. Selim initially plans to exile Tuman Bey and other former Mamluk nobles to Constantinople, but changes his mind.

April - June

• April 12  - Lopo Soares de Albergaria of Portugal begins the siege of Jeddah (now part of Saudi Arabia), attempting to invade, but is unable to land because of artillery fire from the Ottoman and Mamluk defenders.^[8] Bad weather prevents the Portuguese fleet of 15 ships from navigating for the next two weeks.
• April 13  - Tuman Bey II, the former King of Egypt, is executed along with his aides, bringing an end to the Abbasid dynasty.^[9]
• April 14  - On Easter Tuesday, Dr. Bell, a preacher standing at St Paul's Cross in front of London's Old St Paul's Cathedral, delivers an inflammatory sermon at the instigation of a local broker, John Lincoln and accuses foreign immigrants of stealing jobs from English workers and taking away bread from "poor fatherless children."^[10]
• April 15  - The Ottoman–Mamluk War officially ends as the Ottoman Empire annexes the Mamluk Sultanate territories in the Middle East (the Levant), the Arabian Peninsula (Hejaz) and Egypt as provinces. ^[11]
• April 22  - In what is now Romania, Stephen IV becomes the new Prince of Moldavia at Suceava upon the death of his father, Bogdan III the One-Eyed.
• April 25  - After 13 days of continuous storms and being unable to do more than destroy one Jeddah ship (while losing two of its own), the Portuguese fleet abandon its planned invasion of the Arabian peninsula.^[8]
• April 30  - Anticipating a riot in London, the Lord Mayor announces at 8:30 in the evening that a curfew will begin within 30 minutes, at 9:00. An attempt by a local alderman, John Mundy, to enforce the curfew triggers the attack by a mob hours later.^[12]
• May 1  - Evil May Day: Xenophobic riots break out in London as English citizens attack foreingers, including Flemish shoemakers and French royal courtiers.^[13] The Duke of Norfolk leads a private army of 1,300 men to put down the rioting.
• May 10  - The coronation of Queen Consort Claude of France, wife of King Francis I, takes place at the Basilica of St Denis with Cardinal Philippe de Luxembourg performing the ceremony.^[14]
• June 17  - A fleet of eight ships of the navy of Portugal, commanded by Fernão Pires de Andrade and dispatched from Goa by Portuguese India's Governor Lopo Soares de Albergaria on orders of King Manuel I, arrives in China at Canton (now Guangzhou) and brings the Ambassador Tomé Pires and his diplomatic corps to start trade and foreign releations.^[15]
• June 24  - Pier Gerlofs Donia, leader of a rebellion of the Frisians minority of the Netherlands, leads 4,000 of his Arumer Zwarte Hoop soldiers on an attack against the Dutch inhabitants of Medemblik, then moves on to a massacre of the residents of the village of Asperen.

July - September

• July 1  - In an unprecedented move, Pope Leo X increases the number of Roman Catholic cardinals, naming 31 people to the cardinalate including the Dutch-born Adriaan van Utrecht, bishop of Tortosa, who will later become Pope Adrian VI.^[16]
• August 15  - Portuguese merchant Fernão Pires de Andrade meets Ming Dynasty Chinese officials through an interpreter, at the Pearl River estuary and lands, at what is now in the jurisdiction of Hong Kong. Although the first European trade expeditions to China took place in 1513 and 1516 by Jorge Álvares and Rafael Perestrello, respectively, Andrade's mission is the first official diplomatic mission of a European power to China, commissioned by a ruler of Europe (Manuel I of Portugal).
• September 13  - Yunus Pasha, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman Governor of Egypt after leading the Egyptian conquest, is fired by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I and then executed by decapitation.

October - December

• October 31  - Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses (posting them on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church), and begins the Protestant Reformation.^[17] This story is possibly apocryphal. ^[18]
• November 21  - In India, Ibrahim Khan Lodi becomes the new Sultan of Delhi upon the death of his father, Sikandar Khan Lodi. Ibrahim will reign until 1526, when the Sultanate of Delhi is conquered by the Afghan Mughal king, Babur.^[19]
• December 6  - Bona Sforza of Italy, daughter of the late Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo Sforza, marries King Sigismund of Poland by proxy at Naples, then begins a three monnth journey to Kraków to assume the throne.

Date unknown

• Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy conquers Ryazan.^[20]
• A third outbreak of the sweating sickness in England hits Oxford and Cambridge.^[21] It is said that in Oxford that upwards of 400 students died in less than a week.^[22]

Births

• January 17
  • Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English duke (d. 1554)^[23]
  • Antonio Scandello, Italian composer (d. 1580)^[24]
• January 30  - Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis, German theologian (d. 1568)^[25]
• January 31  - Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian composer (d. 1590)^[26]
• February 2  - Gotthard Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (d. 1587)
• February 12  - Luigi Cornaro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1584)^[27]
• March 29  - Carlo Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1561)^[28]
• May 1  - Svante Stensson Sture, Swedish count (d. 1567)^[29]
• June 18  - Emperor Ōgimachi, Japanese emperor (d. 1593)
• June 29  - Rembert Dodoens, Flemish botanist (d. 1585)^[30]
• July 10  - Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (d. 1571)^[31]
• July 16  - Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, English duchess (d. 1559)^[32]
• July 20  - Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (d. 1604)^[33]
• July 25  - Jacques Pelletier du Mans, French mathematician (d. 1582)^[34]
• August 20  - Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, statesman, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)^[35]
• August 23  - Francis I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1545)^[36]
• September 6  - Francisco de Holanda, Portuguese artist (d. 1585)^[37]
• October 17  - Amalia of Cleves, German princess and writer (d. 1586)^[38]
• October 18  - Manuel da Nóbrega, Spanish Catholic priest (d. 1570)^[39]
• December 15  - Giacomo Gaggini, Italian artist (d. 1598)^[40]
• date unknown
  • Hayashi Narinaga, Japanese samurai (d. 1605)
  • Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, English aristocrat (d. 1547)^[41]

Deaths

• January 5  - Francesco Raibolini, Italian painter (b. c. 1450)^[42]
• January 7  - Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (b. 1454)^[43]
• January 22  - Hadım Sinan Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1459)
• March 7  - Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (b. 1482)^{[44] [45]}
• March 26  - Heinrich Isaac, Flemish composer (b. c. 1450)
• April 14  - Tuman bay II, last Mamluk sultan of Egypt (b. c. 1476)^[46]
• June 19  - Luca Pacioli, Mathematician, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci and 'father of accounting' (b. c. 1447)^[47]
• September 13  - Yunus Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire^[48]
• September 21  - Dyveke Sigbritsdatter, mistress of Christian II of Denmark (b. 1490)
• September 24  - Frederick IV of Baden, Dutch bishop (b. 1455)^[49]
• October 31  - Fra Bartolomeo, Italian artist (b. 1472)^[50]
• November 6  - Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (b. 1445)^[51]
• November 8  - Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Spanish Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1436)^[52]
• date unknown
  • Badi' al-Zaman, Timurid ruler of Herat^{[53] [54]}
  • Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, Spanish conquistador^[55]
  • Marcus Musurus, Greek scholar and philosopher (b. 1470)^[56]
• probable
  • Gaspar van Weerbeke, Dutch composer (b. 1445)^[57]

Notes and References

1. Book: R. G. Grant. 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. 24 October 2017. Book Sales. 978-0-7858-3553-0. 249.
2. Book: Clot . André . Suleiman the Magnificent . 13 February 2012 . Saqi . 978-0-86356-803-9 . 19 July 2023 . en. The battle was fierce, the city conquered one house at a time. It lasted three days and nights as more and more corpses piled up in streets red with blood. On 30 January 1517, the Mamluks surrendered..
3. Book: Öztuna . Yılmaz . Türkiye tarihi: baslangicindan zamanimiza kadar . 1963 . Hayat Kitaplari . 266 . 19 July 2023 . tr.
4. Book: Bosworth . C. E. . Islamic Dynasties . 1996 . Edinburgh University Press . Edinburgh . 9 . 19 July 2023.
5. Book: Del Castillo . Bernal Diaz . Maudslay . A.P. . The Discovery And Conquest Of Mexico 1517 1521 . 1928 . George Routledge Amp Sons Ltd. . London . 10–11 . 19 July 2023.
6. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, pages 72-81
7. Book: Minnich . Nelson H. . The Decrees of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17): Their Legitimacy, Origins, Contents, and Implementation . 24 October 2018 . Routledge . 978-1-351-89173-8 . 19 July 2023 . en. In the bull Constituti iuxta verbum that closed the Fifth Lateran Council on 16 March 1517, Leo X (1475-1521, pope 1513-21) provided a brief history of the council to demonstrate how it had accomplished the goals set for it and thus should be concluded..
8. .J. L. Meloy, Imperial power and Maritime Trade: Mecca and Cairo in the later Middle Ages (University of Chicago Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2010) p.223
9. Yaşar Yüce and Ali Sevim, Türkiye tarihi Cilt II (İstanbul, 1991) p.250.
10. Web site: Boissoneault. Lorraine. On Evil May Day, Londoners Rioted Over Foreigners Stealing Their Jobs. 2021-11-01. Smithsonian Magazine. en.
11. Book: 2006 . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges . Tony Jaques . Greenwood Press . 9780313335365 . xxxiv.
12. Steve Rappaport, Worlds Within Worlds: Structures of Life in Sixteenth-Century London (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.15;
13. Book: Scarisbrick . J. J. . Henry VIII . 1968 . University of California Press . 67 . 19 July 2023 . en.
14. https://books.google.com/books?id=GHQaAAAAYAAJ&dq=claude+of+france+coronation&pg=PA249 Nicolas Menin: An Historical and Chronological Treatise of the Anointing and Coronation of the Kings and Queens of France, p. 249.
15. Frederick Charles Danvers: The Portuguese in India, volume I, London, W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, 1894, p. 338.
16. Web site: Salvador Miranda (historian) . Miranda . Salvador . Consistories for the creation of Cardinals, 16th Century (1503-1605): Leo X (1513-1521). The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church . Florida International University. 53276621.
17. Book: Friedrich Schiller. Schiller's Wallenstein: Das Lager. 1887. Macmillan and Company. 16.
18. Krämer, Walter and Trenkler, Götz. "Luther" in Lexicon van Hardnekkige Misverstanden. Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 1997, 214:216.
19. Book: Kishori Saran Lal . Twilight of the Sultanate . 1963 . Asia Publishing House . 184 . 500687579 .
20. Book: Vernadsky . George . Начертание русской истории . 1927 . Евразийское кн-во . 126 . ru.
21. Sloan . Archibald W. . The sweating sickness in England . South African Medical Journal . 1971 . 45 . 4 . 473–475 . 4932259 . 19 July 2023 . en . 2078-5135.
22. Book: Brown . Rawdon . Calendar of state papers and manuscripts, relating to english affairs, existing in the archives and collections of Venice, and in other libraries of Northern Italy . 1867 . Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer . London . 412 . 19 July 2023.
23. Book: Tallis . Nicola . Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey . 3 November 2016 . Michael O'Mara Books . 978-1-78243-672-0 . 19 July 2023 . en. Henry was born on 17 January 1517, almost certainly at his father's newly built home, Bradgate Park in Leicestershire..
24. Book: Testi . Flavio . La musica italiana nel Medioevo e nel Rinascimento . 1969 . 2. Bramante . 559 . 19 July 2023 . it.
25. Book: Gerlich . Fritz . Bettelheim . Anton . Wegele . Franz X. von . Liliencron . Rochus . Allgemeine deutsche Biographie . 1875 . 1. Duncker & Humblot . Leipzig . 690 . 19 July 2023.
26. Book: Unger . Melvin P. . Historical Dictionary of Choral Music . 17 June 2010 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7392-6 . 476 . 21 July 2023 . en.
27. Web site: The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 20, 1551 . cardinals.fiu.edu . 21 July 2023.
28. Book: Aldimari . Biagio . Historia genealogica della famiglia Carafa, divisa in tre libri. Nel primo si tratta del tronco principale del albero di detta famiglia, detto della Spina. Nel secondo del ramo secondogenito, e transversale, chiamato della St: 2 . 1691 . Giacomo Raillard's Printing House . Naples . 122–123 . 21 July 2023 . it.
29. Book: Hofberg . Herman . Svenskt biografiskt handlexicon: Alfabetiskt ordnade lefnadsteckningar af Sveriges namnkunniga män och qvinnor från reformationen till närvarande tid . 1876 . A. Bonnier . 352 . 21 July 2023 . sv.
30. Book: Gilias . Guy . Tilburg . Cornelis van . Roy . Vincent Van . Rembert Dodoens: Een zestiende-eeuwse kruidenwetenschapper, zijn tijd- en vakgenoten en zijn betekenis . 4 September 2017 . Maklu . 978-90-441-3530-5 . 122 . 21 July 2023 . nl.
31. Book: Heale . Martin . The Prelate in England and Europe, 1300-1560 . 2014 . Boydell & Brewer Ltd . 978-1-903153-58-1 . 86 . 21 July 2023 . en.
32. Web site: Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk & family . Westminster Abbey . 21 July 2023 . en.
33. Book: Ilg . Albert . Boeheim . Wendelin . Das k.k. Schloss Ambras in Tirol . 1882 . A. Holzhausen . 103 . 21 July 2023 . de.
34. Book: Peletier . Jacques . Porter. Lambert C.. Dialogue de l'ortografe e prononciacion françoese (1555), suivi de La réponse de Louis Meigret . 1966 . Librairie Droz . 978-2-600-02414-3 . 9 . 21 July 2023 . fr.
35. Book: Granvelle . Antoine Perrenot de . Papiers d'état du cardinal de Granvelle: d'après les manuscrits de la bibliothèque de Besançon . 1841 . Imprimerie royale . xvi . 21 July 2023 . fr.
36. Book: Warnicke . Retha M. . The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England . 13 April 2000 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-77037-8 . 70 . 21 July 2023 . en.
37. Book: Sgarbi . Marco . Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy . 27 October 2022 . Springer Nature . 978-3-319-14169-5 . 1556 . 21 July 2023 . en.
38. Book: Darsie . Heather R. . Children of the House of Cleves: Anna and Her Siblings . 15 June 2023 . Amberley Publishing Limited . 978-1-4456-9943-1 . 21 July 2023 . en. Amalia of Cleves, probably born on 17 October 1517, is the most elusive of the Von der Mark siblings..
39. Book: Paulo . Revista do Instituto histórico e geográfico de São Paulo . 1970 . Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de São Paulo . 141 . 21 July 2023 . pt-BR.
40. Book: Bianchi . Giuseppe . Gli artisti ticinesi: dizionario biografico . 1900 . Libreria Bianchi . Lugano . 91 . 21 July 2023 . it.
41. Web site: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey English poet. Encyclopedia Britannica . 10 April 2019 . en.
42. Book: Guidicini . Giuseppe . Cose notabili della città di Bologna: ossia Storia cronologica de' suoi stabili . 1872 . Tip. di G. Vitali . 15 . 21 July 2023 . it.
43. Web site: GIOVANNA d'Aragona, regina di Napoli in "Dizionario Biografico" . www.treccani.it . 21 July 2023 . it-IT.
44. Book: Almeida . Fortunato de . História de Portugal . 1923 . F. de Almeida . 299 . 21 July 2023 . pt-BR.
45. Book: Machado . Diogo Barbosa . Bibliotheca Lusitana histo ́rica . 1752 . Ignacio Rodrigues . 164 . 21 July 2023 . pt-BR.
46. Book: Lane-Poole . Stanley . A history of Egypt in the Middle Ages . 1901 . C. Scribner's Sons . New York . 355 . 19 July 2023.
47. Sangster . Alan . The Life and Works of Luca Pacioli (1446/7–1517), Humanist Educator . Abacus . March 2021 . 57 . 1 . 126–152 . 10.1111/abac.12218 . 2164/16100 . 233917744 . 21 July 2023 . en . 0001-3072. free .
48. Ménage . V. L. . An Ottoman Manual of Provincial Correspondence . Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes . 1976 . 68 . 31–45 . 23868282 . 18 July 2023 . 0084-0076.
49. Web site: Friedrich . www.deutsche-biographie.de . 21 July 2023 . de.
50. Book: Harold Edwin Wethey. Titian. The Paintings of Titian, Complete Edition: The mythological and historical paintings. 1969. Phaidon. 978-0-7148-1425-4. 146.
51. Book: Ostbairische Grenzmarken: Passauer Jahrbuch für Geschichte, Kunst und Volkskunde . 1967 . Verlag des Vereins für Ostbairische Heimatforschung . 298 . 21 July 2023 . de.
52. Book: Collado . Ángel Fernández . Historia de la Iglesia en España. Edad Moderna . 2007 . I.T. San Ildefonso . 978-84-935539-5-1 . 232 . 21 July 2023 . es.
53. Book: Lari . Suhail Zaheer . Lari . Yasmeen . The Jewel of Sindh: Samma Monuments on Makli Hill . 1997 . Heritage Foundation . 978-0-19-577901-1 . 14 . en.
54. Book: Brill . E. J. . E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936 . 1993 . BRILL . 978-90-04-09789-6 . 343 . 21 July 2023 . en.
55. Saville . Marshall H. . The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba . Geographical Review . 1918 . 6 . 5 . 436–448 . 10.2307/207701 . 207701 . 1918GeoRv...6..436S . 21 July 2023 . 0016-7428.
56. Assonitis . Alessio . Luigi Ferreri, L'Italia degli Umanisti: Marco Musuro . Variants. The Journal of the European Society for Textual Scholarship . 31 December 2016 . 12–13 . 246–249 . 10.4000/variants.385 . 21 July 2023 . en . 1573-3084. free .
57. Web site: Weerbeke [Werbeke, Werbeck], Gaspar [Jaspar, Jaespaert, Gaspart] van ]. Grove Music Online . 21 July 2023 . en.