1270 Explained

Year 1270 (MCCLXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1270th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 270th year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1270s decade.

Events

Africa

The Eighth Crusade

• Before August  - King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade, in an attempt to recapture the Crusader States from the Mamluk sultan Baibars; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.^[1]
• August 25  - King Louis IX of France dies while besieging the city of Tunis, possibly due to poor quality drinking water.^[2]
• October 30  - The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end, through an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (Louis IX's brother) and Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Khalif of Tunis.^[3]

Other events

• August 10 (10 Nehasé 1262)  - Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, claims the imperial throne and establishes the Solomonic Dynasty, which will last until 1974.^[4]

Asia

• In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo dynasty, a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty.^[5]
• The ancient city of Ascalon is captured from the Crusader States, and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate, and the city never to be rebuilt.^[6]
• The city of Tabriz, in present-day Iran, is made capital of the Mongol Ilkhanate Empire (approximate date).^[7]
• The independent state of Kutch is founded, in present-day India.^[8]
• A census of the Chinese city of Hangzhou establishes that some 186,330 families reside within it, not including visitors and soldiers (Historian Jacques Gernet argues that this means a population of over 1 million inhabitants, making Hangzhou the most populous city in the world).^[9]
• December 15 – The Nizari Ismaili garrison of Gerdkuh, Persia surrender after 17 years to the Mongols.^[10]

Europe

• February 16  - Livonian Crusade - Battle of Karuse: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order decisively, on the frozen surface of the Baltic Sea.^[11]
• September 1  - King Stephen V of Hungary writes his walk to the antiquum castellum near Miholjanec, where the Sword of Attila has been recently discovered.
• December  - Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic Church, in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.^[12]
• The Summa Theologica, a work by Thomas Aquinas that is considered within the Roman Catholic Church to be the paramount expression of its theology, is completed (year uncertain).^[13]
• Witelo translates Alhazen's 200-year-old treatise on optics, Kitab al-Manazir, from Arabic into Latin, bringing the work to European academic circles for the first time.^[14]
• The Sanskrit fables known as the Panchatantra, dating from as early as 200 BCE, are translated into Latin, from a Hebrew version by John of Capua.^[15]
• Construction of the Old New Synagogue in Prague is completed.^[16]
• The cathedral on the Rock of Cashel in Ireland is completed.^[17]
• Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, donates to the Cistercian Hailes Abbey in England (his father's foundation) a phial held to contain the Blood of Christ, acquired in the Holy Roman Empire; this becomes such a magnet for pilgrimage that within 7 years the monks are able to rebuild their abbey on a magnificent scale.
• The Chronicle of Melrose is ended.^[18]

Births

• March 12  - Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III of France (d. 1325)^[19]
• Theodore Metochites, Byzantine statesman and author^[20]
• Michael of Cesena, Franciscan theologian (d. 1342)^[21]
• Cino da Pistoia, Italian poet (d. 1336)^[22]
• Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany (d. 1323)^[23]
• Ma Zhiyuan, Chinese poet^[24]
• Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (d. 1350)^[25]
• approximate  - William Wallace, Scottish patriot^[26]

Deaths

• January 18  - Saint Margaret of Hungary (b. 1242)^[27]
• February 23  - Saint Isabelle of France, French princess and saint (b. 1225)^[28]
• March 17  - Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre^[29]
• May 3  - Béla IV of Hungary (b. 1206)^[30]
• July 9  - Stephen Báncsa, Hungarian cardinal (b. c. 1205)^[31]
• July 18  - Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury^[32]
• August 25
  • King Louis IX of France (b. 1214)^[33]
  • Alphonso of Brienne (b. c. 1225)^[34]
• September 24  - Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres^[35]
• December 4  - Theobald II of Navarre (Theobald V of Champagne) (b. c. 1238)^[36]
• David VII Ulu, King of Georgia (b. 1215)^[37]
• Ibn Abi Usaibia, Syrian Arab medical historian (b. 1203)^[38]
• Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, Jewish rabbi and scholar (b. 1200)^[39]
• Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (b. 1212)^[40]
• Uli I of Mali, second mansa of the Mali Empire^[41]

Notes and References

1. Book: Conte, Joseph J.. The 14th and Final Crusade to the Middle East: Crusades from the 11th Century to the 21st Century. AuthorHouse. 2008. 9781452055466. Bloomington, IN. 14. en.
2. Book: The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres. of Beaulieu. Geoffrey. of Chartres. William. Cornell University Press. 2013. 9780801469138. Gaposchkin. M. Cecilia. Ithaca and London. 10. en. Field. Larry F.. Field. Sean L..
3. Book: Ross, Jeffrey Ian. Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge. 2015. 9781317461098. London and New York. 140. en.
4. Book: Halibo, Gidey Seyoum. https://books.google.com/books?id=jO-HDgAAQBAJ&q=Yekuno+Amlak+1270&pg=PA397. Religious Freedom and Religious Pluralism in Africa: Prospects and Limitations. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. 2016. 9781928357032. Coertzen. Pieter. Stellenbosch, South Africa. 397. en. Law, Religion and Pluralism in Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Complex Interaction. Green. M. Christian. Hansen. Len.
5. Book: Korean History in Maps. Injae. Lee. Miller. Owen. Jinhoon. Park. Hyun-Hae. Yi. Cambridge University Press. 2014. 9781107098466. Shin. Michael D.. Cambridge. 79. en.
6. Book: Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Avi-Yonah. Michael. Stern. Ephraim. Prentice-Hall. 1978. 9780132751155. I. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 124. en.
7. Book: Pfeiffer, Judith. Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th - 15th Century Tabriz. BRILL. 2014. 9789004262577. Leiden, Boston. 305. en.
8. Web site: Welcome to Kutch. www.indianngos.com. 2019-02-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20170621181900/http://www.indianngos.com/districts/kutch.asp. June 21, 2017. dead.
9. Chase-Dunn. Chris. Inoue. Hiroku. Anderson. E.N.. 16 August 2016. The Growth of Hangzhou and the Geopolitical Context in East Asia. The Institute for Research on World-Systems Working Papers. 111.
10. Book: Daftary . Farhad . The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines . 1992 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-42974-0 . 429 . en.
11. Book: Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. 9780313335389. 2: F - O. Westport, CN, London. 513. en.
12. Book: Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology. Brown. Stephen F.. Flores. Juan Carlos. Scarecrow Press. 2007. 9780810864535. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movemenets. 76. Lanham, MA, Toronto, Plymouth. 45. en.
13. Book: Perrier, Joseph Louis. The Revival of Scholastic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. 1909. Columbia University Press. en.
14. Book: Hutton, Charles. A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary: Containing an Explanation of the Terms, and an Account of the Several Subjects, Comprised Under the Heads Mathematics, Astronomy, and Philosophy Both Natural and Experimental Also Memoirs of the Lives and Writing of the Eminent Authors, Both Ancient and Modern who by Their Discoveries or Improvements Have Contributed to the Advancement of Them. Rivington. 1815. London. 135. en.
15. Book: Lanman, Charles Rockwell. Harvard Oriental Series: Descriptive List Thereof, Revised to 1920: with a Brief Memorial of Its Joint-founder, Henry Clarke Warren. Harvard University Press. 1920. Cambridge, MA. 5. en.
16. Book: Frank, Ben G.. A Travel Guide to Jewish Europe: A practical, anecdotal and adventurous journey through historic Jewish Europe, including kosher restaurants, cafes, synagogues and museums, plus cultural and heritage sites.. Pelican Publishing. 2001. 9781455613298. Third. Gretna, LA. 489. en. 1992.
17. Book: Brockman, Norbert. Encyclopedia of Sacred Places. ABC-CLIO. 2011. 9781598846546. Second. I: A–M. 460. en.
18. Book: Jamroziak, Emilia. https://books.google.com/books?id=VB51DPui-TsC&q=Chronicle+of+Melrose+1270&pg=PA134. Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795. BRILL. 2008. 9789004166233. Unger. Richard. The Northern World. Leiden, Boston. 134. en. Border Communities between Violence and Opportunities: Scotland and Pomerania Compared.
19. Book: Hiser, Patricia. My Kind of Man: With the History of the Gwinn, O?Connor, Kincaid, Richardson, Hiser West Virginia Families and Other Associated Lines and the Avery Family of Maine. iUniverse. 2001. 9780595210008. San Jose New York Lincoln Shanghai. 141. en.
20. Book: Ousterhout, Robert G.. The Architecture of the Kariye Camii in Istanbul. Dumbarton Oaks. 1987. 9780884021650. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 25. Washington, D.C.. 34. en.
21. Book: The Key to "The Name of the Rose": Including Translations of All Non-English Passages. Haft. Adele J.. White. Jane G.. White. Robert J.. University of Michigan Press. 1999. 9780472086214. Ann Arbor. 75. en.
22. Book: Brundage, James A.. The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts. University of Chicago Press. 2008. 9780226077611. Chicago and London. 119. en.
23. Book: Wispelwey, Berend. Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. K. G. Saur Verlag. 2011. 9783110914160. Munich. 575. en.
24. Book: Taylor, Julia C.. Female Suicide in Chinese Drama: Selected Plays from the Yuan Dynasty to the Cultural Revolution. University of Wisconsin. 1990. Madison. 40. en.
25. Book: Sadarangani, Neeti M.. Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact. Sarup & Sons. 2004. 9788176254366. New Delhi. 43. en.
26. Book: Pearson, Stuart. Great Scottish Heroes - Fifty Scots Who Shaped the World. John Blake Publishing. 2015. 9781784186135. London. 8. en.
27. Book: Csepregi, Ildikó. https://books.google.com/books?id=73NKDwAAQBAJ&q=1270+death. The Oldest Legend: Acts of the Canonization Process, and Miracles of Saint Margaret of Hungary. Central European University Press. 2018. 9789633862186. Csepregi. Ildikó. Central European Medieval Texts. Budapest, New York. 31. en. Csepregi. Ildikó. Preface to the Text Recording Margaret's Miracles. Klaniczay. Gábor. Péterfi. Bence. Flanigan. Clifford. Perraud. Louis.
28. Book: Mews, Constant J.. https://books.google.com/books?id=9Okq5YXXkHkC&q=1270+Saint+Isabelle+of+France&pg=PA19. Virtue Ethics for Women 1250-1500. Springer Science & Business Media. 2011. 9789400705296. Green. Karen. The New Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York. 19. en. The "Speculum dominarum" ("Miroir des dames") and Transformations of the Literature of Instruction for Women in the Early Fourteenth Century. Mews. Constant J..
29. Book: Lower, Michael. The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History. Oxford University Press. 2018. 9780191061837. Oxford. 165. en.
30. Book: Salagean, Tudor. Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System. BRILL. 2016. 9789004311343. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 450 - 1450. 37. Leiden, Boston. 106. en.
31. Book: Kosta, László. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y214Oo0uK-oC&q=1270&pg=PA18. Carreiras Eclesiásticas no Ocidente Cristão (séc. XII-XIV). Centro de Estudos de História - Universidade Católica Portuguesa. 2007. 9789728361266. Lisbon. 18. en. Análise Prosopográfica Dos Cónegos Dos Cabidos Catedralícios Húngaros Na Idade Média (1200-1350): Conclusões.
32. Book: The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Cross. The Late F. L.. Cross. Frank Leslie. Livingstone. Elizabeth A.. Oxford University Press. 2005. 9780192802903. Third. Oxford New York. 226. en.
33. Book: Gaposchkin, Marianne Cecilia. The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. registration. 1270 Louis IX.. Cornell University Press. 2008. 9780801445507. Ithaca, London. 25. en.
34. Book: Parsons, John Carmi. The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290: An Edition of British Library, Additional Manuscript 35294 with Introduction and Notes. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. 1977. 9780888440372. Toronto. 107. en.
35. Book: Maddicott, J. R.. Simon de Montfort. Cambridge University Press. 2001. 9780521376365. Cambridge, New York. xxv. en. 1994.
36. Book: Previté-Orton, C. W.. Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter. Cambridge University Press. 1978. 9780521099776. 2: The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance. Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne. 776. en. 1952.
37. Book: Natho, Kadir I.. Circassian History. Xlibris Corporation. 2009. 9781465316998. Bloomington, IN. 72. en.
38. Book: Aydin, Sami. A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine. Horatius Press. 2016. 9781888456042. Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus. 24. Leiden, Boston. 200. en. 1996.
39. Book: Fishman, Talya. Becoming the People of the Talmud: Oral Torah as Written Tradition in Medieval Jewish Cultures. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2011. 9780812222876. Philadelphia. 156. en.
40. Fairclough. John. 2008. Bigods at Walton Hall and their Successors. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History. 41. 4. 418.
41. Book: Babb, J.. A World History of Political Thought. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2018. 9781786435538. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA. en.